Motivos para el consumo de tabaco, alcohol y cannabis en el contexto del confinamiento por COVID-19 / Motives for tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use in the confinement context due to COVID-19 pandemic

Introducción. Las drogas producen importantes consecuencias negativas en las sociedades. La prevalencia de su consumo sigue aumentando debido a que existen diversos motivos que acercan a las personas a consumirlas. Objetivo. Identificar las diferencias en la frecuencia y cantidad del consumo de tabaco, alcohol y cannabis durante y después del confinamiento por la pandemia de COVID-19; así como la influencia del confinamiento en los motivos y los riesgos de desarrollar un consumo problemático. Metodología. Estudio transversal analítico con muestreo no probabilístico en dos momentos. Participaron 520 jóvenes: 246 estudiantes de bachillerato y universidad en el año 2020, durante el confinamiento y 274, en 2022. Se evaluaron datos sociodemográficos, motivos de consumo y consumo problemático. Resultados. El consumo de cannabis durante el confinamiento (41,1 %) fue mayor que en el posconfinamiento (29,6 %; p 0,006). Hubo diferencias entre los grupos de consumo problemático de tabaco durante el confinamiento y los motivos sociales (W 8,178, p 0,017) y de afrontamiento (W 26,456, p < 0,001); también, entre los grupos de consumo problemático de alcohol y los motivos sociales (W 6865,5, p < 0,001); de animación (W 6768,0, p < 0,001); de afrontamiento (W 6176,0, p = 0,002) y de expansión (W 6774,0, p < 0,001). Entre los motivos del consumo problemático de cannabis se destacan los sociales (W 6,404, p 0,041); de animación (W 9,409, p 0,009); de afrontamiento (W 9,265, p 0,010) y de expansión (W 27,692, p < 0,001). Conclusión. El confinamiento incrementó el riesgo de consumir tabaco y cannabis. Los motivos de consumo también aumentaron, excepto las asociadas al consumo de alcohol en universitarios. El consumo problemático de tabaco estuvo motivado por necesidades sociales y de afrontamiento; el de alcohol y cannabis, por necesidades sociales, de animación, de afrontamiento y de expansión

Introduction. Drugs produce significant negative consequences in societies. The prevalence of drug use continues to increase because various reasons lead people to use them. Objective. Identify differences in the frequency and amount of tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use during and after COVID-19 pandemic confinement, the influence of confinement on motives, and risks for developing problematic use. Methodology. Analytical cross-sectional study with non-probabilistic sampling at two points in time. Five hundred and twenty young people participated: 246 high school and university students during the confinement in 2020, and 274 in 2022. Sociodemographic data, reasons for consumption, and problematic consumption were evaluated. Results. Cannabis use during confinement (41.1 %) was higher than post-confinement (29.6 %; p 0.006). There were differences between the groups of problematic tobacco use during confinement and the social (W 8.178, p 0.017), and coping (W 26.456, p < 0.001) motives; also, between the groups of problematic alcohol consumption and social motives (W 6865.5, p < 0.001); encouragement (W 6768.0, p < 0.001); coping (W 6176.0, p = 0.002) and expansion (W 6774.0, p < 0.001). Among the motives for problematic cannabis use, social (W 6.404, p 0.041); animation (W 9.409, p 0.009); coping (W 9.265, p 0.010), and expansion (W 27.692, p < 0.001) were highlighted. Conclusion.Confinement increased the risk of tobacco and cannabis use. Motives for use also increased, except those associated with alcohol use in university students. Problem tobacco use was motivated by social and coping needs; alcohol and cannabis use was motivated by social, entertainment, coping and expansion needs

Investigación en fisuras faciales: quo vadis España? / Investigation in facial fissures: quo vadis Spain?

Las fisuras orofaciales representan un grupo heterogéneo de malformaciones congénitas que afectan a distintas estructuras de la cavidad oral y de la cara. Globalmente, los bebés con estos trastornos presentan una mayor morbilidad y mortalidad a lo largo de su vida en comparación con individuos no afectados. Por ello, los avances en la investigación biomédica resultan ineludibles. Así, el objetivo general de este trabajo fue llevar a cabo una revisión bibliográfica para analizar narrativamente los 10 principales estudios primarios sobre fisuras orofaciales llevados a cabo en España, publicados del 2018 hasta la actualidad. Según esto, a nivel institucional, destaca la Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) con cuatro artículos publicados por el grupo de investigación UCM 920202. También sobresale la Universidad Rey Juan Carlos de Madrid, con tres artículos relacionados con diferentes aspectos de la personalidad y la calidad de vida de los pacientes fisurados, así como otras muchas variables cognitivo-emocionales. En relación con la Universidad de Valencia, encontramos dos artículos llevados a cabo en amplias muestras de pacientes con fisuras. Por último, en Barcelona resulta destacable un estudio observacional sobre problemas otorrinolaringológicos en pacientes operados de fisura palatina. En conclusión, si bien en los últimos años se han publicado varios artículos sobre distintos aspectos relacionados con las fisuras, aún queda mucho trabajo por hacer. España debería seguir potenciando proyectos con líneas de trabajo centradas en estas alteraciones del desarrollo craneofacial. Se necesitan estudios amplios, multicéntricos y colaborativos, para ahondar en los mecanismos etiológicos y, en última instancia, en las posibles herramientas para su prevención. Del mismo modo, se necesitan ayudas para dilucidar mejor las cuestiones relacionadas con los tratamientos en todas las dimensiones de la salud, preferentemente a partir de ensayos clínicos controlados aleatorizados, que faciliten la traslación de conocimientos y su accesibilidad universal dentro del sistema sanitario público español.

SUMMARY: Orofacial clefts represent a heterogeneous group of congenital malformations affecting different structures of the oral cavity and face. Overall, infants with these disorders have a higher lifetime morbidity and mortality compared to unaffected individuals. Therefore, advances in biomedical research are unavoidable. Thus, the overall objective of this work was to conduct a literature review to narratively analyse the 10 main primary studies on orofacial clefts carried out in Spain, published from 2018 to date. According to this review, at an institutional level, the Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) is notable with 4 articles published by the UCM 920202 research group. The Rey Juan Carlos University of Madrid also stands out, with three papers related to different aspects of the personality and quality of life of cleft patients, as well as many other cognitive-emotional variables. In relation to the University of Valencia, we found two studies carried out on large samples of cleft patients. Finally, in Barcelona, an observational study on otorhinolaryngological problems in cleft palate patients is noteworthy. In conclusion, although several studies have been published in recent years on different aspects related to clefts, there is still much work to be done. Spain should craniofacial development. Large, multicenter and collaborative studies are needed to delve deeper into the aetiological mechanisms and, ultimately, into the possible tools for their prevention. Similarly, support is needed to better elucidate questions related to treatments in all dimensions of health, preferably randomised controlled clinical trials, which facilitate the transfer of knowledge and its universal accessibility within the Spanish public health system.

Impacto de la docencia online en el rendimiento académico de estudiantes españoles de medicina / The impact of online teaching on the academic performance of spanish medical students

Introducción: El confinamiento derivado de la situación sanitaria a finales del primer trimestre de 2020 en España obligó a que la segunda parte del curso 2019-2020 de todos los niveles educativos pasara a formato online de una manera forzada e imprevista. Objetivo: Identificar el impacto de la docencia online en el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de medicina en el curso 2019-2020. Métodos: El estudio fue de tipo transversal y utilizó datos públicos anonimizados sobre rendimiento académico de estudiantes de medicina en universidades españolas. A partir de la información pública de los sistemas de garantía interna de calidad de estas universidades, se analizaron los valores medios de las tasas de rendimiento y éxito de los cuatro cursos comprendidos entre 2015 y 2019 en 17 universidades españolas. Estos se compararon mediante una prueba t de Student con los obtenidos en el curso 2019-2020. Resultados: Las tasas de rendimiento y éxito fueron superiores en el curso 2019-2020 en comparación con la media de los cuatro cursos anteriores. Conclusiones: La situación de confinamiento y de cambio forzado a docencia online parece haber producido una mejora en el ya de por sí elevado rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de medicina, lo que sugiere niveles elevados de resiliencia y una buena capacidad de adaptación a una situación adversa como la experimentada en la segunda parte del curso 2019-2020 (AU)

Introduction: The lockdown derived from the health situation at the end of the first quarter of 2020 in Spain forced the second part of the 2019-2020 academic course of all educational levels to be move to the online modality in a compulsory and unforeseen way. Objective: To identify the impact of online teaching on the academic performance of medical students in the 2019-2020 academic year. Methods: The study was cross-sectional and used anonymized public data on the academic performance of medical students in Spanish universities. Based on public information from the internal quality assurance systems of these universities, the mean values of performance and success rates were analyzed for the four academic years between 2015 and 2019 in seventeen Spanish universities. Using a Student's t test, these were compared with those obtained in the 2019-2020 academic year. Results: The performance and success rates were higher in the 2019-2020 academic year compared to the average of the four previous academic years. Conclusions: The situation of lockdown and forced change to online teaching seems to have produced an improvement in the already high academic performance of medical students, being this suggestive of high levels of resilience and a good capacity to adapt to an adverse situation such as the one experienced in the second part of the 2019-2020 academic year(AU)

Desigualdades territoriais no financiamento das políticas de educação e de saúde na Espanha e no Brasil / Desigualdades territoriales en la financiación de las políticas de educación y sanidad en España y Brasil / Territorial inequalities in the funding of education and health policies in Spain and Brazil

Resumo O presente artigo compara os modelos e as desigualdades territoriais no financiamento de duas políticas sociais pilares do estado de bem-estar social e com alto grau de descentralização territorial na Espanha e no Brasil: educação e saúde. A análise utiliza bibliografia especializada, legislação nacional e documentos governamentais para descrever as políticas e seus mecanismos de financiamento. Dados fiscais são usados para apresentar os gastos e analisar as desigualdades dos governos subnacionais no financiamento da educação e da saúde nos dois países. A conclusão é que a experiência espanhola apresenta elevado nivelamento de gastos em saúde e educação nas comunidades autônomas do regime comum, com patamares menores de desigualdade que o observado nos estados e municípios brasileiros. O resultado espanhol é decorrente de um processo incremental de aperfeiçoamento do federalismo fiscal, que culminou em um modelo marcado pela priorização e solidariedade territorial no financiamento das políticas sociais. Esse modelo é uma referência para a análise e discussão do caso brasileiro, que configurou seu federalismo fiscal com pouca preocupação em conciliar eficiência e equidade na distribuição dos recursos entre os entes governamentais, mas apresentou avanços importantes em reformas no financiamento da educação e da saúde.

Resumen El artículo compara los modelos y las desigualdades territoriales en la financiación de dos políticas sociales que son pilares del estado de bienestar y con un alto grado de descentralización territorial en España y Brasil: la educación y la sanidad. El análisis utiliza literatura especializada, legislación nacional y documentos gubernamentales para describir las políticas y sus mecanismos de financiación. Los datos fiscales se utilizan para analizar las desigualdades de los gobiernos subnacionales en la financiación de la educación y la sanidad en ambos países. La conclusión es que la experiencia española muestra una alta nivelación del gasto en salud y educación en las comunidades autónomas de régimen común, con niveles de desigualdad inferiores a los observados en los estados y municipios brasileños. El resultado español es fruto de un proceso de mejora y perfeccionamiento del federalismo fiscal que culminó en un modelo marcado por la priorización y la solidaridad territorial en la financiación de las políticas sociales. Este modelo es una referencia para el análisis y la discusión del caso brasileño, que ha configurado su federalismo fiscal con poca preocupación por conciliar la eficiencia y la equidad en la distribución de los recursos entre las entidades gubernamentales, pero que ha presentado importantes avances en las reformas de la financiación de la educación y la sanidad.

Abstract The article compares the patterns and territorial inequalities in the funding of two social policies that are pillars of the welfare state and present a high degree of territorial decentralization in Spain and Brazil: education and health. The analysis uses specialist literature, national legislation and government documents to describe the policies and their financing mechanisms. Fiscal data are used to analyze subnational government inequalities in the funding of education and health in both countries. The conclusion is that the Spanish experience has significantly leveled spending on health and education between the autonomous communities of common regime, with lower levels of inequality than those observed in Brazilian states and municipalities. The Spanish result derives from an incremental process of improvement of the country's fiscal federalism, which culminated in a model marked by prioritization and territorial solidarity in the funding of social policies. This model is reference for the analysis and discussion of the Brazilian case, which has configured its fiscal federalism with little concern for reconciling efficiency and equity in the distribution of resources between subnational governments, but which has presented important advances in the reforms of education and health funding.

Enfermera visitadora modelo vanguardista de cuidados de salud en España / Enfermeira de saúde pública modelo vanguardista de cuidados na Espanha / The public health nurse cutting-edge care model in Spain

Resumen Objetivo analizar la figura de la enfermera visitadora española en el periodo comprendido entre 1921 y 1953. Método estudio histórico-social, cualitativo, a partir de fuentes documentales primarias y secundarias. Se utilizó el Modelo Estrutural Dialético de Atención (MEDC), como soporte al proceso de gestión y análisis de datos. Resultados las enfermeras visitadoras españolas tenían el título de especialistas en salud pública, adquirido en Bedford College, en Inglaterra, o en la Fundación Rockefeller, en Estados Unidos. Actuaban en entornos rurales y urbanos, realizando su trabajo en Centros Primarios y Secundarios de Higiene Rural, lugares donde educaban a la población en las normas de higiene personal y salud pública. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica la enfermera visitadora española consiguió extender la educación sanitaria por todo el país, promover los hábitos higiénicos y nutricionales de la población en general, reducir la incidencia de las enfermedades infecto-contagiosas y promover las reformas sanitarias que se iniciaron a principios del siglo XX. En la actualidad, la figura de la enfermera visitadora puede ser considerada como precursora de la enfermera especialista en atención familiar y comunitaria.

Resumo Objetivo analisar a figura da enfermeira visitadora espanhola no período de 1921 a 1953. Método estudo histórico-social, qualitativo, a partir de fontes documentais primárias e secundárias. Utilizou-se o Modelo Estrutural Dialético de Atenção (MEDC) como suporte ao processo de gerenciamento e análise de dados. Resultados as enfermeiras visitadoras espanholas tinham o título de especialistas em saúde pública, adquirido no Bedford College, na Inglaterra, ou na Fundação Rockefeller, nos Estados Unidos. Atuavam em ambientes rurais e urbanos, realizando seu trabalho em Centros de Higiene Rural Primários e Secundários, locais onde educavam a população sobre as regras de higiene pessoal e de saúde pública. Conclusão e implicações para a prática a enfermeira visitadora espanhola conseguiu expandir a educação em saúde em todo o país, promover hábitos higiênicos e nutricionais para a população em geral, reduzir a incidência de doenças infectocontagiosas e promover reformas sanitárias iniciadas no início do século XX. Atualmente, a figura da enfermeira visitadora pode ser considerada como precursora da enfermeira especialista em cuidados familiares e comunitários.

Abstract Objective to analyze the figure of the Spanish visiting nurse from 1921 to 1953. Method This is a historical-social, qualitative study based on primary and secondary documentary sources. The Dialectical Structural Model of Care (DSSM) was used to support the data management and analysis process. Results Spanish visiting nurses had specialization in public health, acquired at Bedford College, in England, or at the Rockefeller Foundation, in the United States. They worked in rural and urban environments, performing their work in Primary and Secondary Centers of Rural Hygiene, where they educated the population about personal hygiene and public health rules. Conclusion and implications for practice Spanish nurse visitors were able to expand health education throughout the country, promote hygienic and nutritional habits for the general population, reduce the incidence of infectious-contagious diseases, and promote sanitary reforms that began at the beginning of the 20th century. Currently, the figure of the visiting nurse can be considered a forerunner of the specialist nurse in family and community care.

Anxiety, sleep habits and executive function during the COVID-19 pandemic through parents' perception: a longitudinal study

Abstract The present study therefore aims to examine trait and state anxiety, sleep habits and executive functioning during 1 year and a half of the COVID-19 pandemic in children and adolescents through the lens of parents. Assessments were conducted at three different times: April 2020 (T1), October 2020 (T2) and October 2021 (T3). The main sample included 953 children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years, and scales were used to assess anxiety (STAIC), sleep habits (BEARS) and executive functioning (BRIEF-2). The results showed that 6 months after the outbreak of the pandemic, state and trait anxiety, sleep disturbances and executive dysfunctions increased significantly. One and a half year later, trait anxiety and sleep disturbances have been maintained, while state anxiety and executive dysfunction have decreased their scores obtaining scores similar to those of April 2020. In conclusion, there has been a further decrease in children and adolescents' mental health since the beginning of the pandemic, and it seems to remain at the present time, such as trait anxiety as a part of the personality.

¿Influye la pandemia del COVID-19 en las redes sociales de eventos no competitivos en edad escolar y adulta? Estudio de caso / Influence of COVID-19 on Social Networks of Non-competitive Events in School and Adult Ages? A Case Study

Resumen Las redes sociales son herramientas para mejorar los eventos deportivos. Por ello, el objetivo principal del presente estudio fue analizar los datos estadísticos de participación e impacto de los medios sociales (Facebook, Twitter e Instagram), del evento deportivo ''Gimnastrada de Extremadura'', y conocer la influencia de la situación de emergencia y confinamiento provocada por la crisis de la COVID-19 en los mismos para la edición prevista del año 2020. Se analizaron los datos de participación e interacción en las redes sociales, entre los periodos 2016-2017, 2017-2018, 2018-2019 y 2019-2020. Siempre se utilizó la misma estrategia de marketing en todos los medios por internet. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo y exploratorio de los datos. Los resultados mostraron que el número de participantes ha aumentado significativamente, así como los seguidores desde la utilización de las redes sociales, siendo las mujeres las principales participantes y seguidoras. La red social Facebook es el medio utilizado principalmente por los usuarios para conocer y difundir la Gimnastrada de Extremadura en edad escolar y adulta. Por tanto, los resultados evidencian la importancia de conocer las interacciones de seguidores en los medios sociales, con la finalidad de planificar nuevas estrategias de marketing online. Además, a pesar de aplazarse el evento previsto para marzo de 2020, como consecuencia de la pandemia COVID-19, los datos estadísticos de las redes sociales del evento van aumentando cada año. Siendo, el momento de publicación del cartel o suspensión del evento, los instantes que reciben el mayor número de interacciones en las redes sociales.

Abstract Social networks are useful and effective as a tool for improving sporting events. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the statistical data of participation and the impact of social media (Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram) of ''Gimnastrada de Extremadura'' (Gymnastics of Extremadura). It also sought to know the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic on this sporting event. The study analyzed the participation and interaction data on social networks in the periods 2016-2017, 2017-2018, 2018-2019, and 2019-2020. The same marketing strategy was always used in all online media. Therefore, a descriptive and exploratory analysis of the data was performed. The results showed that the number of participants in the event had increased significantly since the use of social networks, with women being the main followers. Facebook was the social medium mainly used by users to know the Gymnastics of Extremadura in school and adult ages. The results also demonstrated the importance of understanding the followers' interactions on social media to plan new online marketing strategies. Besides, even though the event was suspended due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the statistical data of the event's social networks increased every year, and the publication of the poster of the event or its suspension were the moments that received the greatest number of actions on social networks such as Like or Share / Retweet the news.

Resumo As redes sociais são ferramentas para melhorar os eventos esportivos. Portanto, o objetivo principal deste estudo é analisar os dados estatísticos de participação e impacto das mídias sociais (Facebook, Twitter e Instagram), do evento esportivo "Gimnastrada de Extremadura", e conhecer a influência da situação de emergência e confinamento causada pela crise da COVID-19 sobre elas para a edição de 2020. Os dados de participação e interação em redes sociais foram analisados, entre os períodos 2016-2017, 2017-2018, 2018-2019 e 2019-2020. A mesma estratégia de marketing foi usada em todos os meios de comunicação on-line. Foi feita uma análise descritiva e exploratória dos dados. Os resultados mostraram que o número de participantes aumentou significativamente, assim como os seguidores desde o uso de redes sociais, sendo as mulheres as principais participantes e seguidoras. A rede social Facebook é o meio utilizado principalmente pelos usuários para conhecer e divulgar a ''Gimnastrada de Extremadura'' na idade escolar e adulta. Portanto, os resultados mostram a importância de conhecer as interações dos seguidores nas mídias sociais, a fim de planejar novas estratégias de marketing on-line. Além disso, apesar do adiamento do evento, previsto para março de 2020, causado pela pandemia da COVID-19, as estatísticas da mídia social do evento estão aumentando a cada ano. O momento da publicação do cartaz ou da suspensão do evento são os momentos que recebem o maior número de interações nas redes sociais.

Malaria importada en población pediátrica de Alicante, España (1994-2019) / Imported malaria in children in Alicante, Spain (1994-2019)

Introducción. En los últimos años ha aumentado la malaria importada en niños, en quienes la enfermedad es potencialmente grave y mortal. Objetivo. Describir la incidencia y características clínico-epidemiológicas de niños con diagnóstico de conmalaria en Alicante, España, en los últimos años. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio observacional y retrospectivo de los casos de malaria en menores de 15 años, diagnosticados en el Hospital General Universitario de Alicante desde 1994 hasta 2019. Resultados. Se registraron 24 casos. El número de casos pasó de dos en el primer quinquenio a 11 en el último. La mediana de edad fue de 6 años (rango intercuartílico: 3 a 8). El 91,6 % procedía de África subsahariana. Los niños nacidos en España de padres inmigrantes que viajan a una zona endémica para visitar a familiares y amigos (Visiting Friends and Relatives) representaron el 62,5 % (n=15) y solo consta que recibiera quimioprofilaxis antipalúdica un paciente (6,7 %). Los signos clínicos más frecuentes fueron fiebre (86,9 %), hepatoesplenomegalia (70,8 %) y anemia (70,8 %). Plasmodium falciparum fue la especie más frecuentemente identificada (83,3 %; n=20). El tratamiento más empleado fue la combinación de dihidroartemisina y piperaquina por vía oral (41,6 %, n=10), con evolución favorable en todos los casos. Conclusiones. Los casos de paludismo infantil importado están aumentando en los últimos años. Las manifestaciones clínicas son inespecíficas en estos niños, por lo que es importante que los profesionales conozcan la enfermedad y tengan un alto índice de sospecha para iniciar el tratamiento precoz. Además, deben tomarse las medidas preventivas adecuadas antes de un viaje.

Introduction: In recent years there has been an increase in imported malaria among children in whom it is a potentially serious and fatal disease. Objective: To describe the incidence and the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of malaria in children diagnosed in Alicante, Spain, over a 26-year period. Materials and methods: We conducted an observational retrospective study of malaria in children aged under 15 years diagnosed at the Alicante General University Hospital from 1994 to 2019. Results: Twenty-four cases were registered over the study period. The frequency of cases increased from 2 over the first five years to 11 in the last five years. The median age of the children was 6 years (interquartile range: 3-8); 91.6% came from sub-Saharan Africa. Over half (n=15, 62.5%) were children born in Spain to immigrant parents visiting friends and relatives (VFR); just one (6.7%) had received antimalarial chemoprophylaxis. The most frequent clinical signs were fever (86.9%), hepatosplenomegaly (70.8%), and anemia (70.8%). Plasmodium falciparum was the most frequently identified species (83.3%, n=20). The most common treatment was oral piperaquine/dihydroartemisinin (41.6%, n=10) with favorable outcomes in all cases. Conclusions: Imported childhood malaria shows an increasing incidence and a nonspecific clinical presentation. Professional awareness of this disease and a high degree of clinical suspicion are needed for the early initiation of treatment. Pre-travel preventive measures should be promoted when appropriate.

Repercusiones en la deontología española ante el auge de las clínicas dentales low cost / Repercussions in Spanish deontology in light of the rise of low cost dental clinics / Repercussões na deontologia espanhola diante do boom das clínicas dentais de baixo custo

Resumen: El cambio en el modelo asistencial odontológico en España ha supuesto la proliferación de grandes franquicias dentales o clínicas dentales low cost. Este tipo de establecimientos suelen realizar la captación de pacientes mediante agresivas campañas de publicidad, establecen financiaciones de los presupuestos directamente con entidades bancarias y rebajan los presupuestos inicialmente marcados. En los últimos años, la Comisión de Ética y Deontología del Ilustre Colegio Oficial de Odontólogos y Estomatólogos de Aragón ha comprobado un notable aumento de las reclamaciones de pacientes procedentes de este tipo de clínicas. Uno de los casos más llamativos ha sido el cierre de la franquicia iDental, que dejó a miles de personas sin terminar sus tratamientos odontológicos. Se pretende realizar una puesta al día de las repercusiones deontológicas que estas clínicas tienen en la deontología dental de la Comunidad Autónoma de Aragón.

Abstract: The change in deontological health care model in Spain has led to the proliferation of huge dental franquises or low cost dental clinics. This type of settings generally engages customers by aggressive advertising campaigns, establishing financing with banks and reducing the agreed initial budget. In the last years, the Ethical and Deontological Commission of the Official College of Dentists and Stomatologists of Aragon has noticed a significant increase of claims by patients attending this type of clinics. One of the most striking cases has been the closing of iDental, which led thousands of patients without finishing dental treatment. This study pretends updating the deontological repercussions that these clinics have in the Autonomous Community of Aragon.

Resumo: A mudança no modelo assistencial odontológico na Espanha implicou na proliferação de grandes franquias dentais ou clínicas dentais de baixo custo. Estes tipos de estabelecimentos habitualmente realizam a captação de pacientes mediante agressivas campanhas publicitárias, estabelecem financiamento dos orçamentos diretamente com instituições bancárias e abaixam os orçamentos inicialmente apresentados. Nos últimos anos, a Comissão de Ética e Deontologia do Ilustre Colégio Oficial de Odontólogos e Estomatólogos de Aragão comprovou um notável aumento de reclamações de pacientes procedentes deste tipo de clínica. Um dos casos mais chamativos foi o encerramento da franquia iDental, que deixou milhares de pessoas sem terminar seus tratamentos odontológicos. Se pretende realizar uma atualização das repercussões deontológicas que estas clínicas têm na deontologia dental da Comunidade Autônoma de Aragão.

Diseño y validación de instrumentos para valorar la postura de sedestación y motricidad fina en alumnado de primaria / Design And Validation of Instruments for Assessing Sitting Posture and Fine Motor Function in Primary School Students

Resumen Los niños y las niñas en edad escolar pueden pasar aproximadamente un 80 % de su jornada escolar haciendo uso de la silla. Debido a esta situación, diferentes estudios establecen una relación entre postura y problemas de salud. Señalan además, que las dificultades de escritura pueden afectar la percepción de las propias capacidades. Debido a estos resultados, se ha insistido en la importancia de inculcar hábitos posturales y grafomotrices adecuados desde edades tempranas. Los objetivos principales de este estudio fueron, por un lado, diseñar instrumentos de observación y recolección de datos de los patrones posturales y de grafomotricidad; por otro, validar dichos instrumentos mediante la opinión de personas expertas. Como objetivo secundario se consideró evaluar la consistencia interna del instrumento para valorar la postura de sedestación. En relación con el primer objetivo, ambos instrumentos mostraron valores altos de concordancia inter jueces en cuanto a la pertinencia y precisión de los ítems. Con respecto al segundo, los instrumentos fueron aplicados a una muestra de 93 niños y niñas de 1º y 5º curso de Educación primaria para evaluar la consistencia interna del instrumento postura. Los resultados de confiabilidad por dimensiones mostraron unos valores superiores a 0.7. Los instrumentos diseñados se presentan como herramientas útiles para valorar los patrones relacionados con la postura y la grafomotricidad y contribuir así a la detección de problemas asociados en niños y niñas en edad escolar. En conclusión, estos instrumentos pueden ofrecer directrices adecuadas para elaborar planes de trabajo destinados a atender las necesidades que presente el alumnado.

Abstract Schoolchildren can spend around 80% of their school day sat. In this sense, different studies establish a direct relationship between posture and health problems. Moreover, writing difficulties can also affect the perception of abilities, hence the importance of instilling proper postural and graphomotor habits from an early age. The main objectives of this study were, on the one hand, to design instruments for observation and data collection of postural and graphomotricity patterns and, on the other hand, to validate these instruments through expert opinion. A secondary objective was to evaluate the internal consistency of the instrument to assess the posture of sedestation. Concerning the first objective, both instruments showed high inter-judge concordance in terms of relevance and precision of the items. In relation to the second objective, the instruments were applied to a sample of 93 children from the 1st and 5th grades of primary school to evaluate their internal consistency of the posture instrument. Dimensional reliability results showed values greater than 0.7. The instruments designed are presented as useful tools to assess the patterns related to posture and graphomotricity and thus contribute to detecting problems associated with school-age children. In conclusion, these instruments can provide appropriate guidelines for the development of work plans to meet the needs of students.

Resumo As crianças em idade escolar podem passar aproximadamente 80% do seu dia escolar numa cadeira. Devido a esta situação, diferentes estudos estabelecem uma ligação entre a postura e os problemas de saúde. Eles também apontam que as dificuldades de escrita podem afetar a percepção das próprias habilidades. Devido a estes resultados, a importância de incutir hábitos postural e de caligrafia adequados desde uma idade precoce tem sido enfatizada. Os principais objetivos deste estudo foram, por um lado, conceber instrumentos de observação e recolha de dados de padrões posturais e grafomotores; por outro lado, validar estes instrumentos através da opinião de peritos. Um objetivo secundário foi avaliar a consistência interna do instrumento para provar a postura sentada. Em relação ao primeiro objetivo, ambos os instrumentos mostraram altos valores de concordância entre juízes em termos de relevância e precisão dos itens. Em relação ao segundo objetivo, os instrumentos foram administrados a uma amostra de 93 crianças do 1º e 5º anos do ensino fundamental para avaliar a consistência interna do instrumento de postura. Os resultados da confiabilidade por dimensões mostraram valores acima de 0,7. Os instrumentos desenhados são apresentados como ferramentas úteis para avaliar a postura e os padrões grafomotores e assim contribuir para a detecção de problemas associados em crianças em idade escolar. Em conclusão, estes instrumentos podem fornecer orientações apropriadas para o desenvolvimento de planos de trabalho que respondam às necessidades estudantis.

Maternología, eugenesia y sífilis en España durante el primer franquismo, 1939-1950 / Maternity, eugenics, and syphilis in Spain during the first Franco regime, 1939-1950

Resumen En este artículo se analiza la maternología en Auxilio Social enmarcada en la política demográfica del primer franquismo, bajo la influencia del pensamiento eugenésico. Considerando que durante el franquismo el control del cuerpo de las mujeres se convirtió en una herramienta esencial de su biopolítica, se discute la presencia de ideas y prácticas eugenésicas en torno al problema sanitario de la sífilis en mujeres embarazadas y la sífilis congénita. Así mismo, se analiza el papel de Auxilio Social en la implantación de la vigilancia prenatal durante el embarazo y en el proceso de institucionalización y medicalización del parto en España.

Abstract This article analyzes maternity in Social Assistance based on the demographic policy of the first Franco regime, influenced by eugenic thought. Considering that during the Franco regime the control of women's bodies became an essential tool of its biopolitics, the presence of eugenic ideas and practices around the health problem of syphilis in pregnant women and congenital syphilis is discussed. The role of Social Assistance in the implementation of prenatal surveillance during pregnancy and the process of institutionalization and medicalization of childbirth in Spain is also analyzed.

Non-alcoholic beverage and fast-food consumption, among first- and fourth-year nursing students in Madrid

Sugar-sweetened beverages and fast-food consumption have been associated with non-communicable diseases. Objective. Was to analyze consumption of non-alcoholic beverage and fast-food consumption among first- and fourth-year nursing students. Materials and methods. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted among first-and fourth-year nursing students in Madrid, Spain. Anthropometric data (weight and height) and demographic data were collected, as were data on consumption of specific foods and beverages. Results. The survey was completed by 436 students. Mean (SD) age was 22.0 (6.8) years, 84.1 % of were women.26.2 % of the students were underweight; 6.3 % were overweight. Consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and diet drinks was moderate. Slightly more than three-quarters of the students (75.5 %) purchased fast food in the previous month. Burger bars were the most frequently visited fast-food outlet (77.2 %). A direct relationship was observed between BMI and fast-food consumption (rho = 0.099; p = 0.042) and between BMI and consumption of diet cola or carbonated drinks (rho = 0.120; p = 0.013). Conclusion. We provide new epidemiological data from a specific university population that could be useful to promote more studies that help design appropriate strategies to increase a healthy lifestyle(AU)

Las bebidas azucaradas y el consumo de comida rápida se han asociado con enfermedades no transmisibles. Objetivo. Analizar el consumo de bebidas no alcohólicas y el consumo de comida rápida entre estudiantes universitarios de primer y cuarto curso de enfermería. Materiales y métodos. Cuestionario validado entre estudiantes de enfermería de primer y cuarto año en Madrid, España. Se recopilaron datos antropométricos (peso y altura) y demográficos, así como datos sobre consumo de alimentos y bebidas específicos. Resultados. La encuesta fue completada por 436 estudiantes. La edad media (DE) fue de 22,0 (6,8) años, el 84,1 % eran mujeres; el 26,2 % de los estudiantes tenían bajo peso y el 6,3% mostraban sobrepeso. El consumo de bebidas azucaradas y bebidas dietéticas fue moderado. Más de tres cuartas partes de estudiantes (75,5%) compraron comida rápida en el mes anterior. Las hamburgueserías fueron el restaurante de comida rápida más visitado (77,2%). Se observó una relación directa entre el IMC y el consumo de comida rápida (rho = 0,099; p = 0,042) y entre el IMC y el consumo de refrescos dietéticos o bebidas gaseosas (rho = 0,120; p = 0,013). Conclusión. Aportamos nuevos datos epidemiológicos de una población universitaria concreta, que podrían ser de utilidad para promover más estudios que ayuden a diseñar estrategias adecuadas para incrementar un estilo de vida saludable(AU)

Líderes de opinión digital en tiempos de pandemia: el rol de la Asociación Nacional de Informadores de la Salud en Twitter frente al COVID-19 / Digital opinion leaders in the time of COVID-19: the role of the National Association of Health Reporters on Twitter in the struggle against the pandemic

La Asociación Nacional de Informadores de la Salud constituye una de las mayores asociaciones de prensa sectorial de España, con más de 700 miembros. Durante la crisis del COVID-19, su función en la gestión y difusión de información puede considerarse fundamental. El objetivo general de esta investigación fue analizar cómo se produce la comunicación entre los miembros de la Asociación Nacional de Informadores de la Salud en torno al COVID-19 en Twitter. Se descargaron todos los tuits e interacciones entre los asociados y se analizó la red generada por estos; se identificó a los miembros más influyentes a través de medidas de centralidad y se examinó el contenido de los tuits con mayor difusión y engagement. Tras identificar expresiones que aparecían con mayor frecuencia, se hizo un análisis semántico para extraer los temas más relevantes. Los datos mostraron una red poco cohesionada, donde los usuarios interactúan poco entre sí. Tanto la Asociación como sus miembros, se centran mayoritariamente en la difusión de mensajes fomentadores de concienciación, con información relevante relacionada con la enfermedad, la formación, la denuncia social y el humor. Un uso más coordinado e interactivo de la red social por parte de los miembros de la Asociación, sería deseable para aumentar el alcance y la difusión de sus mensajes(AU)

The National Association of Health Informants is one of the largest sectoral press associations in Spain, with more than 700 members. During the COVID-19 crisis, its role in the management and dissemination of information can be considered fundamental. The overall objective of this research was to analyze how communication occurs between members of the National Association of Health Informants regarding COVID-19 on Twitter. All tweets and interactions between associates were downloaded and the network generated by them was analyzed; the most influential members were identified through measures of centrality and the content of the tweets with the highest diffusion and engagement was examined. After identifying expressions that appeared more frequently, a semantic analysis was made to extract the most relevant topics. The data showed a poorly cohesive network, where users interact little with each other. Both the Association and its members focus mainly on the dissemination of awareness-raising messages, with relevant information related to the disease, training, social denunciation and humor. A more coordinated and interactive use of the social network by the members of the Association would be desirable to increase the reach and dissemination of their messages(AU)

Teamwork skills in higher education: is university training contributing to their mastery?

Teamwork skills are considered essential for personal, academic and professional achievement, so universities are increasingly integrating them into their syllabuses. However, little is known about how some specific features of students and their educational development can affect their acquisition. Accordingly, this study aims to fill this gap and describe higher education students' mastery of teamwork skills and its relation to certain socio-academic variables (gender, academic year and grade point average—GPA). With the aim of determining the level of teamwork skills among university students, an observational, transversal descriptive study was designed with an intentional sample of Spanish university students. The sample is made up of 615 social science degree students. The results suggest significant gender differences, highlighting that female students outdid their male counterparts in most teamwork skills, except leadership. Likewise, students' skills improved as they progressed in their studies, particularly those skills related to adaptability and decision-making. Finally, a positive relationship was observed between teamwork skills and GPA, except for interpersonal development. A regression analysis confirmed the influence of both academic year and GPA for women whilst no effect was detected in the case of men. Based on these results, it is suggested to make changes in university education programmes to compensate for the influence of socio-academic factors and benefit from the most positive features of each gender regarding teamwork to achieve an equal and fair higher education. (AU)

El consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras drogas en adultos españoles / Consumption of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs in Spanish adults

The lifestyle is the result of a set of behavior patterns or sociocultural habits acquired over the years that determines the state of physical, mental and social health of people. The aim was to analyze the habit of consuming tobacco, alcohol and other illegal drugs in the acquired healthy lifestyle. Descriptive, epidemiological and cross-sectional study in 788 participants aged 22 to 77 years (49.5% men; 50.5% women) selected by non-probabilistic and intentional sampling. Subscale 4 Tobacco, alcohol and other drug consumption habits was used. of the Acquired Healthy Lifestyle Assessment Scale. The following classifications on consumption habits were made: a) tobacco (non-smoker, mild, moderate, high and very high risk), b) alcohol (no risk, prudent consumption, low, moderate and high risk), c) drugs (never, almost never, with some frequency, quite frequently and very frequently) and d) global (not at all healthy, unhealthy, tending towards health and healthy). The results showed that 27% of the participants need to improve their lifestyle by eliminating (or reducing) drug use, acquiring healthier habits. Regarding the differences according to sex, men, compared to women, presented a higher prevalence of unhealthy habits, especially alcohol. In relation to the differences according to the age group, the participants from 49 to 55 years old presented the highest prevalence of habits in the unhealthy or unhealthy levels, while the group from 56 to 72 years old showed the healthiest levels in relation to the habit of drug use.

El objetivo fue analizar el hábito de consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras drogas ilegales en el estilo de vida saludable adquirido. Estudio descriptivo, epidemiológico y transversal en 788 participantes de 22 a 77 años de edad (49,5% varones; 50,5% mujeres) seleccionados mediante muestreo no probabilístico e intencional. Se empleó la sub-escala 4. Hábito de consumo de tabaco, alcohol y otras drogas de la Escala de Valoración del Estilo de Vida Saludable Adquirido. Se realizaron las siguientes clasificaciones sobre el hábito de consumo: a) tabaco (no fumador, leve, moderado, alto y muy alto riesgo), b) alcohol (ningún riesgo, consumo prudente, bajo, moderado y alto riesgo), c) drogas (nunca, casi nunca, con alguna frecuencia, con bastante frecuencia y con mucha frecuencia) y d) global (nada saludable, poco saludable, tendente hacia la salud y saludable). Los resultados mostraron que el 27% de los participantes necesita mejorar su estilo de vida eliminando (o reduciendo) el consumo de drogas, adquiriendo hábitos más saludables. Con respecto a las diferencias según sexo, los varones, en comparación con las mujeres, presentaron una mayor prevalencia de hábitos no saludables, sobre todo, de alcohol. En relación a las diferencias según el grupo de edad, los participantes de 49 a 55 años presentaron la mayor prevalencia de hábitos en los niveles poco o nada saludables, mientras que el grupo de 56 a 72 años mostró los niveles más saludables en relación al hábito de consumo de drogas.

Gestão e liderança na percepção de enfermeiros: um caminhar à luz da burocracia profissional / Gestión y liderazgo en la percepción de los enfermeros: un paseo a la luz de la burocracia profesional / Management and leadership in the nurses' perception: A walk in the light of professional burocracy

Resumo Objetivo analisar os estilos e fatores intervenientes na gestão e liderança de enfermeiros em três países, Brasil, Portugal e Espanha, à luz da Burocracia Profissional. Método estudo exploratório e descritivo de abordagem qualitativa realizado em três hospitais universitários localizados em diferentes países: Brasil, Espanha e Portugal. Participaram da pesquisa 30 enfermeiros. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um roteiro de coleta de dados com questões sociodemográficas e entrevistas analisadas com auxílio do software WebQda. Resultados diferentes percepções sobre os elementos integradores da participação foram reveladas nos três países, destacando-se a comunicação em diversas óticas. Verificou-se algumas convergências em relação ao trabalho em equipe, sendo a confiança o elemento que impulsiona e motiva a equipe. Sinaliza-se para uma relação participativa no desenvolvimento do trabalho. Conclusão e implicações para a prática foi possível identificar, nos três países, a importância da comunicação no processo de gestão, bem como dos estilos de gestão e de liderança, como elementos que oportunizam a atuação da equipe. Também foi evidenciada a presença de fatores intervenientes de relevância, tais como escuta, clima organizacional, relação interpessoal, transparência no trabalho e delegação de funções, os quais envolvem a burocracia profissional em que o conhecimento do enfermeiro possibilita o exercício de suas habilidades de forma horizontalizada e participativa.

Resumen Objetivo analizar los estilos y factores implicados en la gestión y el liderazgo de enfermeros en tres países, Brasil, Portugal y España, a la luz de la Burocracia Profesional. Método estudio descriptivo exploratorio con abordaje cualitativo realizado en tres hospitales universitarios ubicados en diferentes países: Brasil, España y Portugal. Treinta enfermeros participaron en la investigación. Los datos fueron recolectados a través de un script de recopilación de datos con preguntas sociodemográficas y entrevistas analizadas con la utilización del software WebQda. Resultados se revelaron diferentes percepciones sobre los elementos integradores de la participación en los tres países, destacando la comunicación desde diferentes perspectivas. Se constataron algunas convergencias en relación al trabajo en equipo, siendo la confianza el elemento que impulsa y motiva al equipo. Se advierte una relación participativa en el desarrollo del trabajo. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica se pudo advertir, en los tres países, la importancia de la comunicación en el proceso de gestión, así como los estilos de gestión y liderazgo, como elementos que permiten mejorar el desempeño del equipo. También se evidenciaron factores intervinientes relevantes, como la escucha, el clima organizacional, la relación interpersonal, la transparencia en el trabajo y la delegación de funciones, que conforman la burocracia profesional en la cual el conocimiento de los enfermos les permite el despliegue de sus competencias de manera horizontal y participativa.

Abstract Objective to analyze the styles and factors involved in nurses' management and leadership in three countries, Brazil, Portugal and Spain, in the light of Professional Bureaucracy. Method a descriptive and exploratory study with a qualitative approach carried out in three university hospitals located in different countries, namely: Brazil, Spain and Portugal. Thirty nurses participated in the research. Data was collected through a collection script with sociodemographic questions and interviews analyzed using the WebQda software. Results different perceptions about the integrating elements of participation in the three countries were revealed, highlighting communication from different perspectives. Some convergences in relation to teamwork were verified, where trust was the element that drives and motivates the team. It is a participatory relationship in the development of work. Conclusion and implications for the practice in the three countries, it was possible to identify the importance of communication in the management process, as well as the management and leadership styles, as elements that favor performance of the team. Presence of relevant intervening factors was also evidenced, such as choice, organizational climate, interpersonal relationships, transparency in work and delegation of functions, which involves professional bureaucracy in which the nurses' knowledge allows them to exercise their skills in a horizontal and participatory manner.

Emotional intelligence and academic motivation in primary school students

The role of emotions in the educational context is one of the lines of research that has generated most interest in recent years. This study explores the level of emotional intelligence (EI) and motivation towards studying of primary school (PS) students, as well as the relationship between both variables. For this, a quasi-experimental design has been used with an accidental sample of 541 students from public centers in the province of Pontevedra (Spain). The instruments used were a School Motivation Scale and an EI questionnaire for primary school students, based on the five areas of Goleman EI. The results maintain a mid to high level of EI in all of the factors (self-conscience, self-control, emotional use, empathy and social skills) and a good level of academic motivation. Therefore, they show a positive and significant correlation of both variables. Girls have a higher emotional intelligence index and there is no difference in academic motivation in terms of gender. Based on these results, it is suggested to implement programs that consolidate emotional competences given their importance in the psychoevolutionary development of students and their relationship with academic motivation.

Psychometric properties of the FACES IV package for Spanish adolescents

The family plays an essential role in the life of an adolescent. Hence, an acceptable understanding and an evaluation of family functioning is fundamental for effective interventions with adolescents in the psychological, social, and educational fields. The main purpose of this study is to examine the psychometric properties of the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale (FACES IV), the Family Communication Scale (FCS), and the Family Satisfaction Scale (FSS), for assessing the family functioning of Spanish adolescents. The sample was comprised of 1187 adolescents between 14 ?18 years old (49.96% boys and 50.04% girls; M = 16.17; SD = 1.31) from Castile and Leon (Spain), selected from 23 educational centers, 10 university degree courses, and 18 specific juvenile centers for adolescents with either family or behavioral problems. The scales of Balanced Cohesion, Balanced Flexibility and Disengaged showed good convergent validity, while Enmeshed, Rigid, and Chaotic did not. For this reason some items were removed, obtaining a shortened version of FACES IV, that demonstrated acceptable reliability, and good convergent and predictive validity. The FCS and FSS scales yielded excellent psychometric properties. The results confirmed the factorial structure of the FACES IV, its transcultural applicability, and its validity for different ages. The hypotheses of the circumplex model were confirmed, except for the dysfunctionality of two scales, Enmeshed and Rigid, that contrary to what was expected, showed positive correlations with Family Communication, Family Satisfaction, Balanced Cohesion, and Balanced Flexibility. In brief, our results present the FACES IV package as a useful instrument for the assessment of family functioning of Spanish adolescents. Future studies will be necessary to confirm the trend observed for the two aforementioned scales among adolescents. (AU)

Impact of socioeconomic and health-related factors on consumption of homeopathic and natural remedies in Spain in 2006, 2011 and 2017 / 中西医结合学报

OBJECTIVE@#Complementary and alternative medicine use and type of use may be influenced by sociodemographic and economic determinants through which we could identify characteristics of patients with greater trend to use it. This paper aims to describe the changes in the consumption of homeopathic and natural remedies in Spain for three time points in order to discern changes in rate of consumption, associated factors and whether their use has been affected by a period of economic recession.@*METHODS@#This study utilized 2006, 2011 and 2017 cross-sectional data from the Spanish National Health Survey, a nationally representative survey of the population aged more than 15 years old and resident in Spain. Independent bivariate and multivariate descriptive analyses for each of the 3 years studied were performed.@*RESULTS@#The rate of consumption of both homeopathic and natural remedies has decreased over the periods studied. In spite of this decrease, the consumer profile appears to remain stable over the three periods. The sociodemographic factors associated with their consumption were being female, being 30-64 years old, being separated/divorced, having higher education qualifications, being employed and belonging to a higher social class. Psychiatric morbidity, chronic health problems such as pain, mental health problems or malignant tumors, and absence of major cardiovascular events were the clinical factors associated.@*CONCLUSION@#It can be concluded that beyond the economic situation, the use of homeopathic and natural remedies obeys to the needs of the patients related to their state of health and the response they receive from the health system. It may be that women have different needs and expectations of the healthcare system and, given this breach of expectations, seek remedy to alleviate their needs outside the system and conventional medicine.

Vigilancia epidemiológica de la legionelosis en España: 2005-2015 / Epidemiological surveillance of legionellosis in Spain: 2005-2015

Introducción: La legionelosis es una enfermedad de declaración obligatoria en España. Uno de sus mecanismos de prevención y control es el sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica y, en particular, la investigación epidemiológica. Entre 2005 y 2010 se reportó en Europa un aumento de la carga de la enfermedad no descrita en España. Objetivo: Determinar la evolución de los casos de legionelosis en España en la serie 2005-2015. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de series temporales relativo al recuento de casos notificados a través del Centro Nacional de Epidemiología de España. Se incluyeron variables sociodemográficas del paciente, antecedentes personales y clínicos, síntomas y signos, datos de laboratorio y epidemiológicos. Se determinó la tasa de incidencia por 100 000 habitantes (2005-2010) y la tasa ajustada (población europea) por 100 000 habitantes según sexo (2005-2015), así como según grupo de edad y sexo para la serie 2010-2015. Resultados: España mantiene una tendencia estable respecto a la tasa de incidencia por 1100 000 habitantes (3,5 a 2,5), se produce un incremento relevante en la tasa ajustada a partir de los 50 años, con mayor impacto en los hombres. Conclusión: se evidencia la necesidad de la vigilancia epidemiológica de la legionelosis, la mejora en las medidas de prevención y control, y la consideración de nuevos factores de riesgo(AU)

Introduction: Legionellosis is a notifiable disease in Spain. One of its prevention and control mechanisms is epidemiological surveillance, particularly epidemiological research. An increase in legionellosis disease burden was reported in Europe from 2005 to 2010 which was not described in Spain. Objectives: Determine the evolution of legionellosis cases in Spain in the period 2005-2015. Methods: A descriptive time series analysis was performed based on the cases notified to the Spanish National Epidemiology Center. The variables considered were the patients' sociodemographic characteristics, personal and clinical antecedents, signs and symptoms, laboratory results and epidemiological data. Determination was made of the incidence rate per 100 000 inhabitants (2005-2010) and the adjusted rate per 100 000 inhabitants (European population) by sex (2005-2015) and by age group and sex for the series (2010-2015). Results: Incidence per 100 000 inhabitants has remained stable (3.5 to 2.5) in Spain, which has led to a relevant increase in the adjusted rate as of age 50 years, with a higher impact among men. Conclusion: Evidence was found of the need for epidemiological surveillance of legionellosis, improvement of prevention and control measures, and consideration of new risk factors(AU)