ABSTRACT
Objetivo: Determinar a situação atual das patentes de produtos e processos tecnológicos relacionados a fios de sutura depositados no Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial do Brasil. Metodologia: Foi realizado um levantamento dos depósitos na base de dados do instituto durante o mês de agosto de 2020. Resultados: Verificaram-se 72 patentes, tendo o Brasil como o maior depositante. As patentes depositadas foram categorizadas em 13 classificações internacionais de patentes, sendo a mais frequente a A61B, cujo objetivo é abranger instrumentos, implementos e processos para fins de diagnóstico e cirurgia. O setor tecnológico de equipamentos e dispositivos médico-cirúrgicos relacionados a fios de sutura apresentam amplas aplicações em diferentes tecidos orgânicos. As invenções inovam a forma de armazenamento e a resistência, reduzem o tempo de procedimento, aumentam o controle da tensão e transporte de medicamentos. Conclusões: Os produtos e processos patenteados e depositados no Brasil possibilitam maior eficiência no procedimento, proporcionando uma melhor e mais segura recuperação no período pós-operatório... (AU)
Objevtive: determine the current status of patents on products and technological processes related to suture threads deposited at the National Institute of Industrial Property in Brazil. Methodology: A survey of deposits was carried out in the Institute's database during the month of August 2020. Results: 72 patents were verified, with Brazil as the largest depositor. The patents filed were categorized into 13 International Patent Classifications, the most frequent being A61B, whose objective is to cover instruments, implements and processes for the purposes of diagnosis and surgery. The technological sector of medical-surgical equipment and devices related to suture threads wide applications in different organic tissues. The selected inventions bring benefits to storage, to the resistance of materials, to the reduction of the procedure time, to the tension control, to the vehicle of medicinal drugs, to antimicrobials, to stem cells. Conclusions: The products and processes patented and deposited in Brazil enable greater efficiency in the procedure and recovery, providing a better and safer recovery of the postoperative period... (AU)
Objetivo: Determinar la situación actual de las patentes de productos y procesos tecnológicos relacionados a hilos de sutura depositados en el Instituto Nacional de Propiedad Industrial de Brasil. Metodologia: Fue realizado un levantamento de los depósitos en la base de datos del instituto durante el mes de agosto de 2020. Resultado: Se verificaron 72 patentes, teniendo a Brasil como el mayor depositante. Las patentes depositadas fueron categorizadas en 13 clasificaciones internacionales de patentes, siendo la más frecuente la A61B, cujo objetivo es cubrir instrumentos,implementos y procesos com fines diagnósticos y cirugia. El sector de equipamentos tecnológicos y dispositivos médico-quirúrgicos relacionados a hilos de sutura presentan amplias aplicaciones en diferentes tejidos orgánicos.. Las intervenciones innovan las formas de almacenamiento y la resisténcia, reducen el tiempo de procedimiento, aumentan el control de la tensión y transporte de medicamentos. Conclusiones: Los productos y procesos patenteados y depositados en Brasil posibilitan mayor eficiência en el procedimiento, proporcionando uma mejor y más segura recuperación en el período póst operatório... (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , General Surgery , Sutures , Intellectual Property , Equipment and SuppliesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of suture of pronator muscle on forearm function after modified Henry approach for distal radius fractures.@*METHODS@#from January 2018 to December 2020, 220 patients with distal radius fractures were treated with open reduction and locking plate internal fixation through the modified Henry approach. They were divided into two groups according to different suture methods. There were 112 cases in the intraoperative suture group, including 35 males and 77 females;The age ranged from 37 to 65(48.5±7.4) years;AO classification of fracture, 46 cases of type B and 66 cases of type C;After fracture reduction and locking plate fixation, the pronator muscle was opened and sutured. There were 108 cases in the non suture group, 32 males and 76 females;The age ranged from 34 to 67(47.6±7.8) years;There were 41 cases of fracture type B and 67 cases of fracture type C;After fracture reduction and locking plate fixation, the open pronator muscle was not sutured, and it was laid on the surface of the plate in situ. The range of wrist motion (pronation, supination, palmar inclination and dorsiflexion), the score of disability of arm shoulder and hand dash and visual analog scale(VAS) were compared between the two groups at 6 weeks and 6 months after operation.@*RESULTS@#All 220 patients were followed up for 6 to 18 (8.5±1.3) months. There was no significant difference in the range of motion and DASH score of forearm and wrist between the two groups 6 weeks after operation (P>0.05);There was significant difference in VAS score between suture group (2.6±1.2) and non suture group (5.8±2.3)(P<0.05). Six months after operation, there was no significant difference in the range of motion, DASH score and VAS score of forearm and wrist between the two groups(P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The modified Henry approach has no obvious advantages in the range of wrist movement and upper limb function, but the intraoperative suture of pronator can reduce the early postoperative pain. It is suggested that the pronator should be sutured during the operation.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Bone Plates , Female , Forearm , Fracture Fixation, Internal , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Muscle, Skeletal/surgery , Radius Fractures/surgery , Range of Motion, Articular , Sutures , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the clinical effect of scar tissue suture at the broken end of Achilles tendon after gastrocnemius aponeurosis release in the treatment of chronic Achilles tendon rupture.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 17 patients with old achilles tendon rupture treated from January 2017 to December 2019 were analyzed retrospectively, including 15 males and 2 females, aged 26 to 53 years with an average of (35.2±11.6) years old, and the time from injury to operation was 37 to 92 days with an average of (49.3±13.3) days. Myerson's classification included 6 cases of typeⅡ and 11 cases of typeⅢ. The defect of the broken end of Achilles tendon was 2 to 5 cm with an average of(4.1±1.5) cm after partial scar tissue was removed. All patients were treated with gastrocnemius aponeurosis, appropriate excision of scar tissue at the broken end of Achilles tendon and direct suture. The continuity and healing of Achilles tendon were evaluated by color Doppler ultrasound 3 months after operation. The ankle plantar flexor strength was measured by ankle plantar flexor strength tester before operation and 1 year after operation. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle hindfoot score (AOFAS) and Achilles tendon rupture score were used before operation and 1 year after operation Achilles tendon total fracture score (ATRS) was used to evaluate the clinical rehabilitation of Achilles tendon rupture.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up for 12 to 18 months with an average of(13.6±1.8) months. The surgical incision healed in stageⅠ. Color Doppler ultrasound showed good continuity of Achilles tendon, local Achilles tendon slightly thickened and irregular fiber direction. The ankle plantar flexor force (92.2±3.9) N at 1 year after operation was significantly higher than that before operation (29.5±4.2) N (P<0.05);One year after operation, the AOFAS(91.20±3.30) was significantly higher than that before operation (42.20±4.40)(P<0.05);the ATRS (90.70±3.00) was significantly higher than that before operation(40.00±2.90)(P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The gastrocnemius aponeurosis release combined with scar suture of Achilles tendon end is an effective technique for the treatment of chronic Achilles tendon rupture, avoid injury to hallux flexor longus or flexor digitorum longus, with the plantar flexor muscle strength of the ankle was recovered well, is an effective method to treat chronic Achilles tendon rupture.
Subject(s)
Achilles Tendon/surgery , Adult , Aponeurosis , Cicatrix , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Retrospective Studies , Rupture/surgery , Sutures , Treatment Outcome , Young AdultABSTRACT
Introducción Aunque diferentes materiales y técnicas se han desarrollado para el cierre superficial y profundo en reemplazo total de rodilla (RTR), no hay evidencia que permita dar recomendaciones respecto a una técnica especifica que disminuya complicaciones postoperatorias de la herida. El propósito de este estudio es comparar el uso de dos técnicas de cierre profundo (Sutura barbada vs. Sutura absorbible trenzada) y superficial (grapas vs. sutura de polipropileno) en RTR. Materiales y métodos Estudio observacional retrospectivo en 240 pacientes. Se excluyeron pacientes con antecedente de cirugía abierta previa de rodilla, RTR previo por lesiones tumorales o artrofibrosis. Seguimiento mínimo de 1 año. Resultados Se usaron grapas en 176 pacientes y Prolene® en 64 pacientes. El cierre profundo se realizó con Stratafix® en 164 pacientes y con Vicryl® en 75 pacientes. Encontramos complicaciones relacionadas con la herida y la funcionalidad al año de seguimiento. La infección superficial para el cierre con prolene presento un HR de 2.6 con un intervalo de confianza (IC) de 95%=1.1-6.2; p=0.029 y en el cierre profundo encontramos un HR a favor del Vicryl® de 0.22, IC 95%=0.96-5.8; p=0.05. Conclusiones Este estudio demostró un incremento significativo de la incidencia de infección superficial después de un RTR cuando el cierre profundo se realiza con suturas barbadas y el cierre superficial se realiza con sutura de polipropileno. Sin embargo, no se presentaron diferencias significativas en otras complicaciones relacionadas con la herida y en la funcionalidad postoperatoria con las diferentes técnicas de cierre superficial y profundo evaluadas.
Introduction Different materials and techniques have been developed for superficial and deep closure in total knee replacement (TKR), but there is no solid evidence that allows to recommend a specific technique that decreases the surgical post-operative complications. The purpose of this study is to compare the use of two deep closure techniques (barbed suture vs. braided absorbable suture) and superficial (staples vs. polypropylene suture) in TKR. Materials and methods An observational retrospective study was carried out in 240 patients. Those individuals were excluded with previous open knee surgery, arthrofibrosis, patients who underwent TKR due to tumor lesions or a follow up for less than one year. Results The skin was closed in 176 patients with staples and in 64 patients with Prolene®. Deep closure was performed with Stratafix® in 164 patients and with Vicryl® in 75 patients. Also, complications related to the wound and functionality were recorded in the first postoperative year. Superficial infection for closure with prolene presented an HR in favor of 2.6 with a confidence interval (CI) of 95%=1.16.2; p=0.029 and in deep closure a HR in favor of Vicryl® of 0.22, 95% CI=0.965.8; p=0.05 Conclusions This study demonstrated a significant increase in the incidence of superficial infection after TKR when deep closure is performed with barbed sutures and superficial closure with polypropylene suture. However, there were no significant differences in other complications related with the wound neither postoperative functionality with the different superficial and deep closure techniques that were evaluated.
Subject(s)
Humans , Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee , Surgical Wound Dehiscence , Surgical Wound Infection , Sutures , Wound Closure TechniquesABSTRACT
Introducción: las fracturas de la eminencia intercondílea son fracturas por avulsión del ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA). Las opciones terapéuticas en las fracturas desplazadas consisten en un abordaje artroscópico y fijación de las fracturas. Actualmente se debate sobre la técnica quirúrgica y el material de fijación. El objetivo de nuestra revisión bibliográfica es analizar los diferentes métodos de fijación artroscópica disponibles en la actualidad para el tratamiento de las fracturas de la eminencia intercondílea. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una revisión sistemática de la bibliografía con el formato PRISMA. Se incluyeron fracturas de la eminencia intercondílea en adultos tratados mediante artroscopía. Resultados: se analizaron dieciséis artículos, con un total de quinientas cincuenta y una fracturas. El método de fijación más utilizado fue la sutura (31%), cerclaje (25%), anclas (22%), fijación con Kw (8%), Endobutton® (6.3%), tornillos (4.5%) y alambre (3%). Conclusión: ningún método de fijación demostró superioridad en cuanto a porcentajes de estabilidad, consolidación y tiempo de inmovilización. Nivel de Evidencia: II
Introduction: fractures of the intercondylar eminence are avulsion fractures of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Treatment options for displaced fractures consist of an arthroscopic approach and fracture fixation. There is currently debate about the surgical technique and the fixation material. The aim of our literature review is to analyze the different methods of arthroscopic fixation currently available in the treatment of fractures of the intercondylar eminence.Materials and methods: a systematic review of the bibliography was carried out using the PRISMA format. The inclusion criteria were fractures of the intercondylar eminence in adults treated by arthroscopy.Results: sixteen articles were analyzed, with a total of 551 fractures. The most affected knee was the right with 66% of cases. The most used fixation method was suture (31%), cerclage (25%), anchors (22%), Kw fixation (8%), Endobutton® (6.3%), screws (4.5%) and wire (3%).Conclusions: no fixation method showed the superiority in terms of percentages of stability, consolidation, and immobilization time. Level of Evidence: III
Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Arthroscopy/methods , Tibial Fractures/surgery , Fracture Fixation, Internal/methods , Sutures , Bone Screws , Bone Wires , Suture AnchorsABSTRACT
Surgical stabilization of the flail chest is challenging and has no established guidelines. Chest wall integrity and stability are the main factors that ensure the protection of intrathoracic organs and an adequate respiratory function. Here, we report a novel chest wall reconstruction technique in a 45-year-old man with a traumatic left flail chest and open pneumothorax diagnosed both clinically and radiographically. Rib approximation and chest wall reconstruction was done using intercostal figure-of-eight suture and polypropylene mesh with vascularized musculofascial flap. The patient improved gradually and was discharged after three weeks of total hospital stay. He returned to regular working after a month with no evidence of respiratory distress or paradoxical chest movement. Follow-up visit at one year revealed no lung hernia or paradoxical chest movement. This is a novel, feasible and cost-effective modification of chest wall reconstruction that can be adopted for thoracic wall repair in case of open flail chest, which needs emergency surgical interventions even in resource constraint settings.
Subject(s)
Flail Chest/surgery , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Polypropylenes , Surgical Mesh , Sutures , Thoracic Wall/surgeryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the early and mid-term clinical results of medial parapatellar soft tissue overlapping suture in total knee arthroplasty for treatment of severe osteoarthritis combined with permanent patellar dislocation.@*METHODS@#We retrospectively analyzed the data of 12 patients (12 knees) diagnosed with severe knee osteoarthritis combined with permanent patellar dislocation undergoing total knee arthroplasty with medial parapatellar soft tissue overlapping suture. Knee Society Score (KSS), University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) activity-level rating, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) pain score, and knee range of motion of the patients were assessed before and 2 years after the surgery. Anteroposterior and lateral radiographs of the knee joint, full-length standing radiographs of the lower limbs and patellar axial radiographs were evaluated.@*RESULTS@#The mean Knee Society Score of the patients increased from 34.2±11.1 before surgery to 73.5±6.3 at two years after the surgery (P < 0.001). The UCLA activity-level rating increased from an average of 3.8 ± 0.8 before surgery to 5.8 ± 0.6 at two years postoperatively (P=0.003). The mean VAS pain score decreased from 42.8±6.0 before surgery to 20.1±3.7 (P < 0.001) and the range of motion of the knee joint increased from 74.6±8.9 degrees to 97.5±4.5 degrees at two years (P < 0.001). The radiographs showed no signs of subluxation or dislocation of the patella in all the patients.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Medial parapatellar soft tissue overlapping suture in total knee arthroplasty can achieve good early and mid-term clinical results for treatment of severe osteoarthritis combined with permanent patellar dislocation.
Subject(s)
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee/methods , Humans , Osteoarthritis, Knee/surgery , Patella/surgery , Retrospective Studies , SuturesABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To assess three-dimensional (3D) changes of circummaxillary sutures following maxillary protraction with alternate rapid palatal expansions and constrictions (RPE/C) facemask protocol in maxillary retrusive children, and to investigate the relationship between the changes of circum-maxillary sutures and zygomaticomaxillary suture (ZMS) maturation, and to explore the factors of maxilla forward movement with RPE/C and facemask.@*METHODS@#In the study (clinical trial registration No: ChiCTR2000034909), 36 maxillary retrusive patients were recruited and block randomized to either the rapid palatal expansion (RPE) group or the RPE/C group. Patients aged 7 to 13 years, Class Ⅲ malocclusion, anterior crossbite, ANB less than 0°, Wits appraisal less than -2 mm, and A-Np less than 0 mm were included in the study. The RPE group received rapid palatal expansion, whereas the RPE/C group received alternate rapid palatal expansions and constrictions, and both with facemask protraction. Head orientations of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were implemented by Dolphin 11.7. 3D measurements of circummaxillary sutures on CBCT images were evaluated using Mimics 10.01 before (T0) and after treatment (T1). The changes were analyzed with independent t test, two-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation and regression analysis.@*RESULTS@#Two subjects in the RPE/C group were lost to follow-up. A total of 34 patients reached the completion criteria and were analyzed. Compared with the RPE group, sagittal changes of circummaxillary sutures were significantly increased in the RPE/C group with 1.21 mm advancement of zygomaticotemporal suture, 2.20 mm of ZMS, 1.43 mm of zygoma-ticofrontal suture (P < 0.05, respectively). Except for the zygomaticotemporal suture, the rest forward sagittal changes of other circummaxillary sutures showed no major difference in terms of the ZMS maturation. The Spearman's correlation in RPE/C indicated a strong positive correlation of sagittal changes between ZMS and point A (P < 0.01) with a regression analysis R2=42.5%.@*CONCLUSION@#RPE/C might be more effective on the treatment of maxillary retrusive children. As one of the major mechanical loading sutures during orthopedic therapy, ZMS showed a strong positive correlation with point A on sagittal changes.
Subject(s)
Cone-Beam Computed Tomography/methods , Constriction , Humans , Malocclusion, Angle Class III/therapy , Maxilla/diagnostic imaging , Palatal Expansion Technique , SuturesABSTRACT
Introducción: Los defectos técnicos en el cierre de la laparotomía, como la utilización de suturas inadecuadas, muy apretadas o distancia incorrecta entre los puntos, presencia de cuerpos extraños, hematomas o la inclusión de un asa intestinal (pellizcamiento de esta), pueden provocar la aparición de una hernia incisional, y peor aún acompañarse de una fístula intestinal. Objetivo: Corroborar la importancia del cierre correcto y cuidadoso de la pared abdominal después de una laparotomía. Presentación del caso: Se trata de una paciente de 34 años de edad con antecedentes de tres cesáreas en un período de seis años, la última hace seis meses, que fue atendida en el Hospital Mnazi Mmoja, en Tanzania, refiriendo salida de contenido líquido amarillento a nivel de la cicatriz quirúrgica. Al examen físico se constata hernia incisional y un asa intestinal adherida a la piel con un orificio de menos de un cm por donde sale contenido intestinal amarillento. Se interviene con diagnóstico preoperatorio de hernia incisional y fístula enterocutánea; se realiza resección de 3 tres cm del íleon, anastomosis termino-terminal donde se encuentra el orificio fistuloso y hernioplastia mediante la técnica de Rives con utilización de malla de polipropileno. La evolución posoperatoria fue satisfactoria. Conclusiones: Se refuerza la afirmación que es de suma importancia el cierre correcto y cuidadoso de la pared abdominal después de una laparotomía, sobre todo si se realiza con urgencia(AU)
Introduction: In the closure of the laparotomy, technical defects such as the use of inadequate sutures, too tight or incorrect distance between stitches, the presence of foreign bodies, hematomas or the inclusion of an intestinal loop (pinching) can cause the appearance of an incisional hernia which, even worse, can be accompanied by an intestinal fistula. Objective: To corroborate the importance of the correct and careful closure of the abdominal wall after performing laparotomy. Case presentation: A 34-year-old patient with a history of three previous cesarean sections in a six-year period, the last one performed six months, was treated at the Mnazi Mmoja Hospital in Tanzania when she reported the release of a yellowish liquid content at the surgical scar level. Physical examination revealed an incisional hernia and an intestinal loop attached to the skin with a hole of less than one cm through which yellowish intestinal content was coming out. She was operated on with the preoperative diagnosis of incisional hernia and enterocutaneous fistula; a three-cm resection of the ileum, end-to-end anastomosis where the fistulous orifice was located, and hernioplasty were performed using the Rives technique with polypropylene mesh. The postoperative evolution was satisfactory. Conclusions: The assertion that correct and careful closure of the abdominal wall after laparotomy is of utmost importance, especially if it is performed urgently, is reinforced(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Physical Examination , Sutures , Intestinal Fistula , Incisional Hernia , Laparotomy , Foreign Bodies , Gastrointestinal ContentsABSTRACT
A castração em fêmeas pode ser feita pela ovariectomia (retirada dos ovários), ou ovariohisterectomia (retirada dos ovários e do útero). Essa última técnica é a mais recomendada em cães e gatos, devido à prevenção de afecções que podem ocorrer posteriormente no útero. Dentre essas complicações pode-se encontrar sangramento por ligadura mal feita em coto, hidroureter, hidronefrose, piometra de coto, formação de tratos sinusais, aderência, obstrução crônica, incontinência urinária, retenção abdominal de compressas cirúrgicas, transcecção de parte do ureter e ovário remanescente. Em cadelas castradas, a causa mais comum da formação de tratos sinusais é a presença de reação tecidual ao redor do fio de sutura. O presente estudo teve como objetivo relatar um caso de uma cadela sem raça definida, 8,7 kg, seis anos, que deu entrada no Hospital Veterinário de Uberaba, MG com queixa principal a presença de ferida no flanco direito sendo tratada há nove meses, porém sem sucesso. Já haviam feito uso de vários antibióticos sistêmicos e antinflamatorios esteroidais e não esteroidais. Diante do caso observado, foram realizados exames laboratoriais e de imagem. Perante o resultado do exame de imagem, a principal suspeita foi a formação de trato sinusal com comunicação com a cavidade abdominal devido a uma reação ao fio de algodão utilizado na ovariohisterectomia.(AU)
Female animals can be castrated by ovariectomy (removal of the ovaries), or ovariohysterectomy (removal of the ovaries and uterus). The latter is the most recommended in dogs and cats due to the prevention of conditions that may subsequently occur in the uterus. Among these complications, one can find bleeding by poor ligation in the stump, hydroureter, hydronephrosis, stump pyometra, formation of sinus tracts, adherence, chronic obstruction, urinary incontinence, abdominal retention of surgical compresses, transection of part of the ureter and remaining ovary. In castrated bitches, the most common cause of the formation of sinus tracts is the presence of tissue reaction around the suture thread. This study aimed at reporting a case of a mixed breed, six-year-old dog, 8.7 kg that was admitted to the Veterinary Hospital of Uberaba with the main complaint of the presence of a wound on the right flank being unsuccessfully treated for nine months. Several systemic antibiotics and steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs had already been used. In view of the observed case, laboratory and imaging exams were performed. In view of the result of the imaging examination, the main suspicion was the formation of a sinus tract with communication to the abdominal cavity due to a reaction to the cotton thread used in the ovariohysterectomy.(AU)
La castración en hembras se puede realizar mediante ovariectomía (extirpación de los ovarios) u ovario histerectomía (extirpación de los ovarios y del útero). Esa última técnica es la más recomendada en perros y gatos, debido a la prevención de afecciones que pueden presentarse posteriormente en el útero. Entre estas complicaciones se puede encontrar hemorragias por ligadura mal realizada en muñón, hidruréter, hidronefrosis, piometra de muñón, formación de tractos sinusales, adherencia, obstrucción crónica, incontinencia urinaria, retención abdominal de compresas quirúrgicas, transección de parte del uréter y ovario remanente. En las perras castradas, la causa más común de formación de trayectos sinusales es la presencia de reacción tisular alrededor del hilo de sutura. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo reportar el caso de una perra sin raza definida, de 8,7 kg, de seis años de edad, que ingresó en el Hospital Veterinario de Uberaba, MG con el principal síntoma de presencia de una herida en el flanco derecho siendo tratada durante nueve meses, pero sin éxito. Ya habían usado varios antibióticos sistémicos y medicamentos antiinflamatorios esteroides y no esteroides. A la vista del caso observado, se realizaron exámenes de laboratorio y de imagen. A la vista del resultado del examen de imagen, la principal sospecha fue la formación de un tracto sinusal con comunicación con la cavidad abdominal debido a una reacción al hilo de algodón utilizado en el ovario histerectomía.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Dogs , Ovary , Sutures , Ovariectomy , Castration , Dogs/surgery , Pyometra , Anti-Bacterial AgentsABSTRACT
Antecedentes: la fístula de ano es un problema crónico para los pacientes. Causa angustia debido al mal olor y la suciedad con infecciones y secreciones recurrentes. La recurrencia y la lesión del esfínter anal fueron las complicaciones más críticas después de la cirugía. La colocación de un setón suelto y grueso fue la operación quirúrgica más prometedora. Reducir el tiempo de colocación del setón para disminuir el sufrimiento de los pacientes por la suciedad y múltiples apósitos. Pacientes y métodos: estudio retrospectivo. Cien pacientes con fístula anal alta tratados quirúrgicamente en la ciudad médica de Al-Sader y en la clínica privada diaria de Al-Najaf, ciudad de Najaf, Irak, desde febrero de 2018 hasta marzo de 2019. Se han tomado imágenes de fistulografía y resonancia magnética de todos los pacientes. Después de eso, se realiza una fistulectomía con sutura de setón suelta y gruesa durante tres meses. Los pacientes con persistencia del trayecto de trayecto fistuloso fueron sometidos a una segunda cirugía y una tercera operación hasta su completa curación. Resultados: Cien pacientes con fístula de tipo alto en ano con 96 varones (96%) y mujeres 4 (4%). La tasa de curación completa entre los pacientes masculinos después de la primera operación fue de 90 (93%), mientras que las mujeres mostraron una tasa de curación completa de 4 (100%) después de la primera operación. Tres de los pacientes varones restantes con un tracto de fístula alto persistente mostraron una curación completa después de la segunda operación, mientras que en 3 (3%) la tasa de curación completa fue del 100% después de la tercera operación. Conclusión: Un setón suelto y grueso colocado en un tracto de fístula de tipo alto durante tres meses brinda una excelente protección al esfínter anal externo con una tasa de recurrencia menor y una curación rápida.
Background: Fistula in ano is a chronic problem for the patients. It causes distressing because of foul odour and soiling with recurrent infection and discharge. Recurrence and anal sphincter injury were the most critical complications following surgery. Loose, thick seton placement was the most promising surgical operation. To reduce the time of seton placement, therefore, decreasing the suffering of patients from soiling and multiple dressing. Patients and Methods: A retrospective study. One hundred patients with high type fistula in ano treated surgically in Al-Sader Medical city and Al-Najaf daily private clinic, Najaf city, Iraq from Feb 2018 to March 2019. Fistulography and magnetic resonance imaging have taken from all patients. After that, fistulectomy with loose, thick seton suture placed for three months. Patients with the persistence of high fistula tract underwent a second surgery and third operation until complete healing. Results: One hundred patients with high type fistula in ano with male 96 (96%) and female patients were 4 (4%). The rate of complete healing among male patients after the first operation was 90 (93%), while female patients showed a 4(100%) rate of complete healing after the first operation. Three of the remaining male patients with persistently high fistula tract showed complete healing after the second operation, whereas 3 (3%) the rate of complete healing was 100% after the third operation. Conclusion: A Loose, thick seton placed in high type fistula tract for three months provides excellent protection to the external anal sphincter with less recurrence rate and rapid healing
Subject(s)
Humans , Anal Canal/injuries , Recurrence , Reoperation/methods , Sutures , Retrospective Studies , Rectal Fistula/surgery , Rectal Fistula/therapyABSTRACT
Introduction and Objective The management of penile carcinoma is very disabling and mutilating, bur early treatment can be curative. Our group systematically performs oncological management with immediate penile reconstruction and preservation of the organ (partial penectomy, resurfacing, or glansectomy) when feasible. Due to the low incidence of penile carcinoma, it is difficult to achieve experience in penile reconstruction using free grafts in a standardized and reproducible way. Therefore, we herein present the results of the use of an inanimate model to identify the most efficient geometric way to procure and apply a free skin graft to reconstruct the penis. Methods A preclinical inanimate model of the penis was developed to simulate the surgical reconstruction using a free skin graft. Six different geometric skin-graft models were created and tested. For each of them, we measured graft's surface area as well as the discarded surface after placing the graft on the penis for reconstruction. We also measured the amount of suture lines required for reconstruction. All of these measurements in the six different models were compared. Results Based on the six models, we identified that the longitude of the graft must measure the same as the maximum perimeter of the glans in order to have a square that enables the complete coverage of the penile defect. The total graft area for the first 4 models was of 40 cm2; for models 5 and 6, it was of 60 cm2. The average discarded area of the graft was of 18.135 cm2 (range: 12 cm2 to 30 cm2). Models 4 years 6 were the ones with the least discarded tissue: 12 cm2. The average amount of suture lines to secure the different model grafts was 7.3 (range: 5 to 12). The models that required the least amount of suture lines were number 1 and 4, with a total of 5 suture lines. Conclusions The double trapezoid is the most efficient model to reconstruct the glans after organ-sparing oncological management. Our results contribute to establish a more standardized and predictable technique to reconstruct the penis.
Introducción y Objetivo El manejo del cáncer de pene es muy mutilante y discapacitante. Pero el manejo quirúrgico oportuno puede ser curativo. Nuestro grupo realiza de manera sistemática el manejo oncológico con reconstrucción inmediata del pene y preservación del órgano (penectomía parcial, desepitelización, o gladectomía) cuando sea viable. Como la incidencia de cancer de pene es baja, lograr obtener la experiencia en reconstrucción de pene con el uso de injertos libres de manera estandarizada y reproducible resulta difícil. Por lo tanto, presentamos en este artículo los resultados de un modelo inanimado para identificar la forma geométrica mas eficiente de obtener y aplicar un injerto de piel libre para reconstruir el pene. Materiales y Métodos Se desarrolló un modelo preclínico y inanimado del pene para que se simulara su reconstrucción quirúrgica con el uso de un ijerto de piel libre. Desarrollamos y evaluamos seis modelos geométricos de injerto de piel distintos. Para cada uno, medimos el area total del injerto y la del tejido desechado tras ponerlo en el pene para la recosntrucción. También medimos la cantidad de líneas de sutura necesarias para la recosntrucción. Comparamos todas las medidas entre los seis modelos distintos. Resultados De los 6 modelos diferentes, encontramos que la longitud del injerto debe tener la misma medida que el perímetro máximo del glande para que se tenga un cuadrado que nos permita cubrir todo el defecto del pene. El area total de los 4 modelos iniciales fue de 40 cm2, y el area de los modelos 5 y 6 fue de 60 cm2. El area promedio del tejido desechado en los injertos fue de 18,135 cm2 (rango: 12 cm2 a 30 cm2). Los modelos 4 y 6 fueron los que tuvieron la menor cantidad de tejido desechado: 12 cm2. El promedio de la cantidad de líneas de sutura para atar los distintos modelos de injerto fue de 7,3 (rango: 5 a 12). Los modelos con la menor cantidad de líneas de sutura fueron el 1 y el 4, con un total de 5 líneas. Conclusiones El modelo de doble trapezoide es el más eficiente para reconstruir el glande tras el majejo oncológico en que se preserva el órgano. Nuestros resultados contribuyen para establecer una técnica de reconstrucción del pene más estandarizada y previsible.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Penile Neoplasms , Sutures , Skin Transplantation , Tissues , Carcinoma , IncidenceABSTRACT
INTRODUCCIÓN. La fuga post manga gástrica es una complicación de los proce-dimientos bariátricos quirúrgicos, con prevalencia del 2,1%, en el que se emplea el abordaje endoscópico, describir su seguridad y éxito es relevante. OBJETIVO. Describir el abordaje endoscópico en el manejo de la fuga post manga gástrica. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Revisión bibliográfica y análisis sistemático de artículos científicos. De un total de 384 artículos, 11 publicaciones de texto completo fueron seleccionados; 9 artículos fueron estudios retrospectivos y 2 revisiones sistemáticas. Los términos de búsqueda sobre el tratamiento endoscópico en fuga post manga gástrica se basaron en datos PubMed que cumplieron los criterios: leak, fístula, par-tial gastrectomy, gastrointestinal endoscopy. RESULTADOS. La literatura reportó se-guridad con cero mortalidad y tasa de éxito para sutura endoscópica del 80,0%, over the scope clip 86,3%, drenaje interno endoscópico 83,41%, septotomía endoscópica 100,0%, stents endoscópicos hasta del 95,0% y terapia vacuum endoscópica 87,5%. CONCLUSIÓN. Se evidenció que el abordaje endoscópico en el manejo de la fuga post manga gástrica fue seguro y exitoso; se necesita personal experto en las dife-rentes modalidades terapéuticas reportadas.
INTRODUCTION. Post gastric sleeve leakage is a complication of surgical bariatric procedures, with a prevalence of 2,1%, in which the endoscopic approach is used, describing its safety and success is relevant. OBJECTIVE. To describe the endos-copic approach in the management of post gastric sleeve leak. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Bibliographic review and systematic analysis of scientific articles. From a total of 384 articles, 11 full-text publications were selected; 9 articles were retrospective studies and 2 systematic reviews. Search terms on endoscopic treatment in postgastric sleeve leak were based on PubMed data that met the criteria: leak, fistula, partial gastrectomy, gastrointestinal endoscopy. RESULTS. The literature re-ported safety with zero mortality and success rate for endoscopic suture 80,0%, over the scope clip 86,3%, endoscopic internal drainage 83,41%, endoscopic septotomy 100,0%, endoscopic stents up to 95,0% and endoscopic vacuum therapy 87,5%. CONCLUSION. It was evidenced that the endoscopic approach in the management of post gastric sleeve leak was safe and successful; expert personnel are needed in the different therapeutic modalities reported
Subject(s)
Humans , Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal , Bariatric Surgery , Gastrectomy , Obesity , Sutures , Drainage , Anastomotic Leak , FistulaABSTRACT
El onfalocele o exónfalos se definen como un defecto congénito de la pared abdominal, que consiste en la herniación de las vísceras abdominales a través del anillo umbilical. Esta entidad rara vez se asocia a la comunicación del divertículo de Meckel con el saco del onfalocele. Teniendo en cuenta la escasa prevalencia de dicha entidad, compartimos el reporte de caso de un paciente recién nacido, con diagnóstico de onfalocele menor, en quien se sospechaba ruptura del saco, sin embargo, de manera intraoperatoria se encontró que la aparente ruptura del saco, correspondía a la comunicación con un divertículo de Meckel. El caso además se asoció con hallazgos ecocardiográficos de tetralogía de Fallot
Omphalocele or exomphalos are defined as a congenital defect of the abdominal wall, which consists of the herniation of the abdominal viscera through the umbilical ring. This entity is rarely associated with the communication of Meckel's diverticulum with the omphalocele sac. Considering the low prevalence of this entity, we report the case of a newborn with a diagnosis of minor omphalocele, in whom rupture of the sac was suspected; however, intraoperatively it was found that the apparent rupture of the sac corresponded to a communication with a Meckel's diverticulum. The case was also associated with echocardiographic findings of tetralogy of Fallot
Subject(s)
Humans , Meckel Diverticulum , Sutures , Tetralogy of Fallot , Hernia, UmbilicalABSTRACT
Abstract Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) have the ability to increase vascular proliferation and permeability. The aim of this study was to quantify the release of two diffusible angiogenic growth factors (VEGF and FGF-2) after rapid maxillary expansion (RME). Thirty animals were randomly assigned to two groups. Control group (5 rats - intact suture) and Experimental groups (25 rats with RME) which were evaluated in different periods of treatment. Five animals were euthanized in different periods of healing at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 days after RME. RT-PCR was used to evaluate the gene expression of angiogenic growth factors released on different periods of study. Data were submitted to statistical analysis using ANOVA followed by Tukey test and significance was assumed at a=0.05. RT-PCR showed that mRNAs of VEGF and FGF-2 were expressed in intact palatal suture tissue. mRNAs of VEGF and FGF-2 was upregulated in early periods (24 h) after RME (p<0.001 and p<0.01, respectively). The molecular levels of VEGF never returned to its original baseline values, and FGF-2 expression decreased up to day 5 (p<0.001) and suddenly increased at day 7, returning to its original level. RME increased VEGF secretion, but decreased FGF-2 secretion when compared to intact tissue. The results showed that these angiogenic growth factors are released and regulated in the palatal suture tissue after RME and could make an important contribution to the knowledge of overall reparative response of the suture tissue during the bone remodeling process.
Resumo Fator de crescimento endothelial (VEGF) e fator de crescimento de fibroblasto (FGF-2) tem a capacidade de aumentar a proliferação e permeabilidade vascular. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar a liberação dos dois fatores de crescimento (VEGF e FGF-2) após expansão rápida da maxilla (ERM). Trinta animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos. Grupo Controle (5 ratos - sutura intacta) e grupos Experimentais (25 ratos submetidos a ERM) que foram avaliados em períodos diferentes de tratamento. Cinco animais foram eutanaziados em diferentes períodos de avaliação aos 0, 2, 3, 5 e 7 dias após ERM. RT-PCR foi usado para avaliar a expressão gênica dos fatores de crescimento liberados nos diferentes períodos de estudo. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística usando ANOVA seguido do pós-teste de Tukey com nível de significância de a=0.05. RT-PCR mostrou que os RNAm de VEGF e FGF-2 estavam expressos na sutura palatina mediana intacta. Os RNAm de VEGF e FGF-2 foram estimulados nos períodos iniciais (24h) após ERM (p<0.001 e p<0.01, respectivamente). Os nívies moleculares de VEGF nunca retornaram aos valores originais, e a expressão de FGF-2 reduziu até o dia 5 (p<0.001) e de repente aumentou até o dia 7, retornando aos níveis originais. ERM aumentou a secreção de VEGF, mas diminuiu a secreção de FGF-2 quando comparado ao tecido intacto. Os resultados mostraram que estes fatores de crescimento são liberados e regulados na sutura palatina mediana após ERM e podem ser de importante contribuição para o entendimento da resposta reparadora geral do tecido da sutura durante o processo de remodelação óssea.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 , Palatal Expansion Technique , Palate/surgery , Sutures , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor AABSTRACT
Objective: Wisdom teeth were the most common teeth affected among the rest of the teeth, these teeth need accurate evaluation and diagnosis, surgical removal of impacted wisdom needs time for incision, bone removal and suture, so the use of any instrument helps to reduce this time is essential. The objectives of this study were to estimate the time needed for the suture of oral flaps post-surgical removal of the lower wisdom teeth by using Negus knot pusher and compare it with the time used for stitching in conventional manual holding single stitching. Material and Methods: Data had been collected from thirty patients through history, clinical examination and radiographic assessment, followed by classical surgical removal performed on the same principles for all patients, at the suture level patients divided arbitrarily into two groups, control group 15 patients and 15 patients Negus pusher group, using Negus knot pusher, which is usually used to hold the stitch and stop bleeding post tonsillectomy operations by ligation, time elapsed for suturing with knot tying is calculated for both groups. Results: Among the 30 patients incorporated in the clinical study, control group mean was (1 minutes and 11 seconds and 70 milliseconds) while for the pusher group was (1 minutes and 32 seconds and 57 milliseconds), the comparison by means of T-test was not significant with the (0.424) value. Conclusion: the Negus pusher instrument can be used for the knotting stiches post wisdom teeth removal as an auxiliary tool and the time can be shortened by the use of a modified handling technique and more satisfaction for patients. (AU)
Objetivo: Os terceiros molares são os dentes mais afetados entre o resto dos dentes e necessitam de avaliação e diagnóstico precisos. A exodontia desses elementos impactados requer tempo para incisão, remoção óssea e sutura, portanto, é essencial o uso de instrumentos que ajudem a reduzir o tempo de procedimento. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram estimar o tempo necessário para a sutura de retalhos orais após a exodontia de terceiros molares inferiores utilizando o instrumental Empurrador de nó Negus (Negus Knot pusher) e compará-lo com o tempo necessário para a realização de sutura única convencional. Material e Métodos: Os dados foram coletados de 30 pacientes através da história, exame clínico e avaliação radiográfica, seguidos pela remoção cirúrgica clássica realizada através do mesmo princípio para todos os pacientes. Considerando o nível da sutura, os pacientes foram divididos arbitrariamente em dois grupos, grupo controle (n=15) e grupo Empurrador de nó Negus (n=15), o qual é geralmente utilizado para segurar o ponto e estancar o sangramento após cirurgia de tonsilectomia por ligadura. O tempo decorrido para sutura foi calculado para ambos os grupos. Resultados: Entre os 30 pacientes incluídos no estudo, a média do grupo controle foi de 1 minuto e 11 segundos e 70 milissegundos, enquanto para o grupo Empurrador de nó Negus foi de 1 minuto e 32 segundos e 57 milissegundos. A comparação intergrupo por meio do teste T não foi estatisticamente significativa (p=0,424). Conclusão: O instrumental Empurrador de nó Negus pode ser usado para sutura após a extração de terceiros molares como ferramenta auxiliar e o tempo pode ser reduzido pelo uso de uma técnica de manuseio modificada. Ademais, pode estar associado a maior satisfação dos pacientes. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Surgery, Oral , Sutures , Molar, ThirdABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: In the present study, a novel single knot tenorrhaphy was developed by combining the modified Kessler flexor tendon suture (MK) with the loop lock technique. METHODS: A total of 48 porcine flexor digitorum profundus tendons were collected and randomly divided into six groups. The tendons were transversely cut and then repaired using six different techniques, the MK method, double knot Kessler-loop lock flexor tendon suture (DK), and single knot Kessler-loop lock flexor tendon suture (SK), each in combination with the epitendinous suture (P), and the same three techniques without P. Furthermore, by performing the load-to-failure tests, the biomechanical properties and the time taken to complete a repair, for each tenorrhaphy, were assessed. RESULTS: Compared to the MK+P method, DK+P was more improved, thereby enhancing the ultimate tensile strength. The SK+P method, which required fewer knots than DK+P, was easier to perform. Moreover, the SK+P repair increased the force at a 2-mm gap formation, while requiring lesser knots than DK+P. CONCLUSION: As opposed to the traditional MK+P method, the SK+P method was improved and exhibited better biomechanical properties, which may facilitate early mobilization after the repair.
Subject(s)
Animals , Sutures , Suture Techniques , Swine , Tendons/surgery , Tensile Strength , Biomechanical PhenomenaABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Introduction: In Orthodontics and Facial Orthopedics, the timing of treatment onset may be critical and individual analysis should be applied to promote a favorable treatment planning. In this study, individual analysis of midpalatal suture (MS) and palatal measurements were performed in teenagers and young adult patients treated with rapid maxillary expansion (RME). Description: Twenty-six patients submitted to RME with a tooth-supported appliance (Hyrax) were evaluated. The inclusion criteria were: minimum age of 14 years, presenting all posterior teeth, diagnosed with transverse maxillary discrepancy, and with a clinical indication for maxillary expansion. The pretreatment CBCT scans of these patients were assessed to obtain the stages of MS maturation (MSM); density ratio (MSD); and palatal length, thickness (anterior, intermediate and posterior) and sagittal area. Results: The maturation stages present were C, D or E; the density ranged from 0.6 to 1, and lower density (MSD < 0.75) and higher density (MSD ≥ 0.75) groups were determined. Individuals with higher MSD presented smaller sagittal area, compared to the lower density group. Individuals in D and E MSM stages presented smaller sagittal area and intermediate thickness, compared to stage C. Conclusions: Smaller palatal sagittal area was observed in the high MSD groups and in the stages D and E of MSM.
RESUMO Introdução: Em Ortodontia e Ortopedia Facial, o momento de início do tratamento pode ser crítico, e uma análise individual deve ser aplicada para promover um planejamento de tratamento favorável. No presente estudo, foram realizadas a avaliação individualizada da sutura palatina mediana (SPM) e medições no palato de adolescentes e adultos jovens tratados com expansão rápida da maxila (ERM). Descrição: Foram avaliados vinte e seis pacientes submetidos à ERM com aparelho dentossuportado (Hyrax). Os critérios de inclusão foram: idade mínima de 14 anos, apresentando todos os dentes posteriores, diagnosticado com discrepância transversa da maxila e com uma indicação clínica para expansão maxilar. A tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) pré-tratamento desses pacientes foi avaliada para obter os estágios de maturação da SPM (MSPM), densidade da SPM (DSPM), comprimento do palato, espessura (anterior, intermediária e posterior) e área sagital. Resultados: Os estágios de maturação presentes foram C, D ou E; a densidade variou de 0,6 a 1, e foram determinados grupos de baixa (DSPM < 0,75) e alta densidade (DSPM ≥ 0,75). Indivíduos com maior DSPM apresentaram menor área sagital, em comparação com o grupo de densidade mais baixa. Indivíduos nos estágios D e E de MSPM apresentaram menor área sagital e espessura intermediária, comparados aos indivíduos no estágio C. Conclusão: Uma menor área sagital palatina foi observada nos grupos de alta DSPM e nos estágios D e E de MSPM.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Young Adult , Palatal Expansion Technique , Sexual and Gender Minorities , Sutures , Homosexuality, Male , Cranial Sutures/diagnostic imaging , Cone-Beam Computed Tomography , Maxilla/surgery , Maxilla/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To explore clinical effect of arthroscopic meniscus tear strapping suture by rotator cuff suture threader.@*METHODS@#Forty patients with meniscus tear injury admitted from July 2015 to May 2019, including 27 males and 13 females, aged from 20 to 55 years old with an average of (36.0±1.4) years old. Menisci laceration was sutured with rotator cuff suture thread under arthroscopy. Postoperative complication was observed, Lysholm knee joint score before and after operation at 12 months were used to evaluate clinical effects, visual analogue scale (VAS) and range of knee flexion and extension were applied to evaluate recovery of pain and function.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up from 12 to 15 months with an average of (12.6±0.7) months.No complication such as joint effusion, suture failure occurred. Two patients occurred mild pain after activity without clinical physical abnormality, and 1 patient manifested moderate pain with joint space tenderness, the other rest without abnormal. Lysholm knee joint score was increased from (49.55±1.21) preoperatively to (98.95±0.42) at 12 months after operation, VAS score decreased from (5.18±0.78)preoperatively to (1.03±0.77) at 12 months after operation, and range of knee joint flexion and extension activity increased from (50.63±9.20)°preoperatively to (130.38±4.99)°after operation, and there were statistical differences in Lysholm knee joint score, VAS and range of knee joint flexion and extension activity (@*CONCLUSION@#Arthroscopic strapping suture by rotator cuff suture threading device applies to most meniscus injuries, including medial meniscus posterior horn tears, lateral meniscus body tears and lateral meniscus posterior horn tears. This technique meets the need of full-internal meniscus suture without specialmeniscus suture, and has advantages of convenient operation, less complications and good postoperative function.
Subject(s)
Adult , Arthroscopy , Female , Humans , Male , Menisci, Tibial/surgery , Middle Aged , Rotator Cuff , Rotator Cuff Injuries/surgery , Suture Techniques , Sutures/adverse effects , Tibial Meniscus Injuries/surgery , Treatment Outcome , Young AdultABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: This study proposed a structured microsurgical training program and evaluated it with the assistance of a large sample of surgeons. METHODS: The practical course comprised 16 sessions of approximately 4 hours each. This included two sessions for suturing rubber gloves and two sessions for suturing arteries, veins, and nerves in chicken thighs. The other sessions were performed on the femoral vessels of rats: 5 sessions for end-to-end arterial anastomosis, 5 for end-to-end venous anastomosis, 1 for arterial grafting, and 1 for end-to-side anastomosis. We conducted a structured assessment of the microsurgical skills in each training session. RESULTS: In this study, 89 surgeons were evaluated. The mean scores for the different procedures were as follows: glove suturing, 33.3±0.59; chicken nerve end-to-end anastomosis, 40.3±0.49; chicken artery suturing, 40.9±0.36; chicken vein suturing, 42.3±0.36; graft interposition, 44.8±0.7; and end-to-side anastomosis, 43.7±0.63 (p<0.05 for all). The chicken thigh suturing scores were significantly higher than the rubber gloves suturing scores (p<0.01). There were no differences between scores of the rat artery and chicken thigh suturing procedures (p=0.24). The rat venous anastomosis scores were higher than the rat arterial anastomosis scores (p=0.02), as were graft interposition scores when compared with end-to-end venous anastomosis scores. The end-to-side anastomosis scores did not differ significantly from the grafting scores (p=0.85). The most common errors were inadequate knotting technique and suture rupture due to inadequate technique (both n=88 [98.9%]). CONCLUSION: We propose a 16-step, progressive microsurgical training program to learn the basic microsurgical techniques comprehensively and reliably. The program was evaluated in a large sample of trainees, and it demonstrated the adequacy of the training sequence and results.