Tratamiento mínimamente invasivo/percutáneo de fracturas de pilón tibial con asistencia artroscópica en Hospital Regional de Talca / Minimally invasive/percutaneous treatment of tibial pilon fractures with arthroscopic assistance at the Regional Hospital

Tibial pilon fractures are a complex injury to treat due to the great involvement of soft and bone tissues. The classic surgical treatment is based on open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF), adding morbidity to the soft tissues, increasing the risk of complications. This has motivated the development of minimally invasive and/or percutaneous techniques to reduce complications, and with the advent of arthroscopy, achieve anatomical reductions. METHODS: A retrospective observational study of twelve patients with tibial pilon fractures who were treated in our center with minimally invasive and/ or percutaneous osteosynthesis with arthroscopic support was carried out between January 2019 and June 2021. Fractures were characterized using the AO/OTA classification for tibial pilon. Age, sex, fracture mechanism, exposure and initial management in the emergency department (cast immobilization or external fixation), definitive treatment, complications and clinical and functional evaluation twelve months after definitive osteosynthesis. For this last point, plantar flexion, dorsiflexion and the AOFAS and FAOS Score were measured. RESULTS: The operated patients were 12, 8 were men (67%) and 4 were women (33%). The average age was 49 (17-68) years. The definitive treatment was carried out after an average of 8 days (5-12 days). Surgical treatment schemes were as follows: percutaneous osteosynthesis with medial anatomical plate and arthroscopic support (OPAA), minimally invasive osteosynthesis with cannulated screws and arthroscopic support (OMIAA) and osteosynthesis with external circular guide and arthroscopic support (OTCAA). In the AOFAS Score, three patients had excellent results (≥ 90 points), 6 patients had good results (≥ 80 points) and 3 patients had acceptable results (≥ 70 points). In the FAOS Score, eight patients had over 80% (good results) and 4 patients had over 60% (accep - table results). DISCUSSION: Historically, tibial pilon fractures have been considered non-reconstructable and with poor long-term results. Initially this paradigm changed with the principles of Rüedi for the reconstruction of the tibial pilon and improve the results. ORIF has been widely used until today, it allows achieving an anatomical joint reduction, it allows to give stability and length to the fibula, graft contribution and sta - bilization with the medial plate. Today this concept is changing again, since the emphasis is on the care of the soft tissues to allow a better recovery of the patient and reduce the complications of the classic approach, it is in this context that the appearance of minimally invasive and/or percutaneous techniques with arthroscopic assistance has allowed us to have excellent functional and clinical results with less da - mage to the soft tissues. CONCLUSION: The proper management and care of the soft tissues in a high-energy fracture of the tibial pilon is essential to obtain favorable clinical results and thus achieve restoration of ankle function. Percutaneous and minimally invasive management has optimized management of the tibial pilon, redu - cing the rates of complications, amputation, and pri - mary arthrodesis.

Compresión-distracción en el tratamiento de pseudoartrosis de tibia distal utilizando el aparato de Ilizarov: reporte de casos / Compression-distraction in the treatment of distal tibial no union using the Ilizarov apparatus: case report / Compressão-distração no tratamento da pseudoartrose distal da tibia com Ilizarov: relato de caso

El método de Ilizarov, con sus diferentes variantes y mediante la utilización de su aparato, desarrollado en la década del 50, continúa vigente, sobre todo en el tratamiento de las complicaciones de fracturas, principalmente aquellas vinculadas a la infección y a las dificultades de la consolidación. Reportamos 2 pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de pseudoartrosis hipertrófica, rígida, con deformidad, sin infección activa y sin dismetría, tratados mediante el método de distracción y compresión realizado con el aparato de Ilizarov. En ambos casos se logró la alineación y consolidación del miembro con escasas complicaciones.

The Ilizarov method, with its different variants and using its apparatus, developed in the 1950s, is still valid, especially in the treatment of fracture complications, mainly those linked to infection and consolidation difficulties. We report 2 adult patients with a diagnosis of hypertrophic, rigid nonunion, with deformity, without active infection and without dysmetria, treated by the distraction and compression method performed with the Ilizarov device. In both cases, the alignment and consolidation of the limb was achieved with few complications.

O método de Ilizarov, com suas diferentes variantes e pelo uso de seu aparato, desenvolvido na década de 1950, ainda é válido, principalmente no tratamento de complicações de fraturas, principalmente aquelas ligadas à infecção e dificuldades de consolidação. Relatamos 2 pacientes adultos com diagnóstico de pseudoartrose hipertrófica, rígida, com deformidade, sem infecção ativa e sem dismetria, tratados pelo método de distração e compressão realizado com o dispositivo de Ilizarov. Em ambos os casos, o alinhamento e a consolidação do membro foram alcançados com poucas complicações.

Avulsión de la tuberosidad tibial anterior combinada con desinserción del tendón rotuliano en paciente con fisis abierta. Resolución quirúrgica. Reporte de un caso / Anterior tibial tuberosity avulsion combined extensor mechanism injuries in open physis patient. Surgical resolution. Case report

Introducción: La avulsión de la tuberosidad anterior de la tibia representa <1% de las lesiones fisarias en la población pediátrica, mientras que las rupturas del tendón patelar son aun más infrecuentes. A su vez, la combinación de ambas es una lesión rara con escasos reportes en la bibliografía. Caso: se reporta el caso de un paciente de quince años con fisis abiertas, con una lesión combinada del aparato extensor. Se detalla su resolución quirúrgica y manejo postoperatorio sobre la base de la bibliografía actual. Discusión: existe escasa información precisa sobre la incidencia, diagnóstico y pronóstico de esta lesión. En trabajos recientes se describe un aumento en su incidencia y se propone una nueva clasificación que permita un mejor manejo de esta grave lesión en forma temprana. Conclusión: Las lesiones combinadas del aparato extensor están en aumento en la población esqueléticamente inmadura por la mayor participación en deportes competitivos a edades cada vez más tempranas. Actualmente no existe consenso en su diagnóstico. Se propone la resonancia nuclear magnética como método de elección por detectar lesiones asociadas y permitir planificar la estrategia quirúrgica.

Introduction: Avulsion of the anterior tuberosity of the tibia represents <1% of physeal injuries in the pediatric population, while patellar tendon ruptures are even more infrequent. In turn, the combination of both is a rare lesion with few reports in the bibliography. Case: the case of a 15-year-old patient with open physis, with a combined lesion of the extensor mechanism is reported. Its surgical resolution and postoperative management are detailed based on the current bibliography. Discussion: there is little precise information on the incidence, diagnosis and prognosis of this lesion. Recent works describe an increase in its incidence and propose a new classification that allows better management of this serious injury early. Conclusion: combined extensor mechanism injuries are increasing in the skeletally immature population due to greater participation in competitive sports at increasingly younger ages. Currently there is no consensus on its diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging is proposed as the method of choice because it detects associated lesions and allows planning the surgical strategy

Enclavado endomedular suprarrotuliano vs. infrarrotuliano en el tratamiento de fracturas diafisarias y distales de tibia: análisis comparativo y técnica quirúrgica / Suprapatellar vs. infrapatellar intramedullary nailing for the treatment of distal and diaphyseal tibial fractures: Comparative analysis and surgical technique

Introducción: Las fracturas diafisarias y distales de tibia son lesiones frecuentes en personas jóvenes que sufren un trauma de alta energía y en ancianos por un trauma de baja energía. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el tiempo quirúrgico, el uso de radioscopia, la evaluación funcional y el dolor en el tratamiento de fracturas diafisarias y distales de tibia mediante una técnica suprarrotuliana y una infrarrotuliana. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo entre marzo de 2018 y octubre de 2019. La información de los pacientes se obtuvo de la historia clínica electrónica. Se incluyó a pacientes con fracturas diafisarias y distales de tibia. Se estudiaron y compararon los tiempos de radioscopia y de cirugía. El dolor posoperatorio se evaluó mediante la escala analógica visual y la función, con el puntaje de Lysholm. Resultados:Ochenta pacientes cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. Sus datos sociodemográficos fueron pareados en dos grupos similares. Treinta y seis pacientes fueron tratados con la técnica infrarrotuliana y 44, con la técnica suprarrotuliana. Se obtuvieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el tiempo de cirugía, el tiempo de radioscopia y en el puntaje de la escala analógica visual para dolor al año. Conclusiones: Los resultados mostraron un menor tiempo de cirugía y de radioscopia, y mejores resultados en la escala analógica visual para dolor con la técnica suprarrotuliana para el tratamiento de las fracturas mediodiafisarias y distales de tibia. Nivel de Evidencia: III

Introduction: Fractures of the medial and distal tibial segment often occur in young patients with high-energy trauma and older patients with low-energy trauma. The objective of this study is to compare the time of surgery, time of use of fluoroscopy, functional outcomes, and postoperative pain in patients treated with the suprapatellar vs. infrapatellar technique for tibial nailing. materials and methods: We carried out a retrospective study between March 2018 and October 2019. All the data was collected from the electronic clinical record (ECR). We included patients with diaphyseal and distal tibial fractures. The variables analyzed were: fluoroscopy and surgery time, pain evaluation, and functional outcomes of the patients using the Lysholm score. Results: 80 patients met all the inclusion criteria. Sociodemographic data were divided into 2 similar groups. The suprapatellar approach was used in 44 patients and the infrapatellar in 36 of them. A statistical difference was obtained in the analysis for the time of surgery, use of fluoroscopy, and pain evaluation in favor of the suprapatellar technique. Conclusions: The results of our study showed shorter surgery and fluoroscopy times with the use of the suprapatellar technique compared with the infrapatellar technique. The suprapatellar technique also yielded better pain results in the visual analog scale. Level of Evidence: III

Enclavado endomedular en fracturas de tibia. ¿Existe una relación entre el punto de entrada para la inserción del clavo y su alineación final? / Intramedullary nailing of tibial fractures. Is there a relationship between the entry point and its final alignment?

Introducción: Las fracturas de tibia representan aproximadamente el 2% de las fracturas del adulto. El enclavado endomedular es hoy el procedimiento de elección para tratar fracturas diafisarias de tibia; sin embargo, esta técnica no está exenta de complicaciones, la desalineación en el plano coronal es una de las más frecuentes y temidas por los cirujanos. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la relación entre el punto de entrada del clavo y la desalineación en el plano coronal después de la cirugía. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, observacional, entre enero de 2015 y enero de 2019, de pacientes con fracturas diafisarias de tibia, tratadas con clavo endomedular. Se obtuvieron radiografías en el posquirúrgico inmediato y luego cada dos meses, se tuvo en cuenta la radiografía del octavo mes, en la que se observaban signos francos de consolidación ósea, para valorar la alineación tibial. Resultados:Cuando el punto de entrada del clavo fue central, hubo apenas un 0,021 de posibilidades (o 2,1%) de alguna desalineación significativa en el posquirúrgico inmediato y luego de 8 meses. En cambio, cuando fue medial, las posibilidades de una tendencia al valgo fueron >0,85 (u 85%) ya al tomar la primera imagen, i.e., poscirugía; y cuando fue lateral, esta posibilidad se modifica y profundiza según el tiempo transcurrido hasta la imagen lograda en el paciente. Conclusión: Se observó una relación marcada y continua entre el punto de entrada del clavo endomedular y la alineación de la tibia después de la consolidación ósea. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Tibial fractures represent approximately 2% of adult fractures. Today, intramedullary nailing is the procedure of choice to treat diaphyseal fractures of the tibia; however, this technique is not exempt from complications, misalignment in the coronal plane is one of the most frequent and feared by surgeons. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between nail entry point and misalignment in the coronal plane after surgery. Materials and Methods: We carried out a retrospective, descriptive, observational study between January 2015 and January 2019 of patients with diaphyseal fractures of the tibia, treated with intramedullary nailing. Radiographs were obtained in the immediate postoperative period and then every two months. The eighth-month radiograph, in which clear signs of bone consolidation could be observed, was taken into account to assess tibial alignment. Results: When the nail entry point was central, there was only a 0.021 chance (or 2.1%) of any significant misalignment in the immediate postoperative period and after 8 months. In contrast, when it was medial, the chances of a valgus tendency were >0.85 (or 85%) already at the first image, i.e., post-surgery; and when it was lateral, this possibility was modified and deepenedaccording to the time elapsed until the image achieved in the patient. Conclusion: A marked and continuous relationship wasobserved between the entry point of the intramedullary nail and the alignment of the tibia after bone consolidation..Level of Evidence: IV

Abordaje intergemelar posteromediano del platillo tibial. Descripción de la técnica quirúrgica / Posteromedial intergastrocnemius approach to the tibial plateau. Description of the surgical technique

Introducción: Se han publicado múltiples abordajes para el tratamiento de las fracturas que involucran las columnas posteriores de los platillos tibiales. Presentamos un abordaje anatómico intergemelar para tratar todas las fracturas con compromiso del componente posterior. Este procedimiento permite el acceso con visualización completa de toda la región posterior facilitando la reducción y colocación del material de osteosíntesis necesario para lograr la configuración más estable. Se describe el abordaje intergemelar posteromediano de acceso al platillo tibial descrito por nuestro equipo. Conclusiones:Consideramos que esta vía de abordaje representa una opción por tener en cuenta al tratar fracturas que afecten ambas columnas posteriores, alguna de ellas de manera aislada o la inserción tibial del ligamento cruzado posterior. Si bien las estructuras neurovasculares requieren atención constante durante el acto quirúrgico, la visión directa de ellas y su protección meticulosa, realizada por cirujanos experimentados, reduce al mínimo el riesgo de lesión y su manipulación no es una contraindicación para la elección de esta vía. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: There are multiple approaches described in the literature for the treatment of fractures that involve the posterior columns of the tibial plateau. We present an anatomical intergastrocnemius approach for the treatment of all fractures involving the posterior component. It allows access with complete visualization of the entire posterior region, facilitating the reduction and placement of the osteosynthesis material necessary to achieve the most stable configuration. surgical technique: We describe the posteromedial intergastrocnemius approach to access the tibial plateau performed by our team. Conclusion: We consider that this approach represents an option to consider when treating fractures that affect both posterior columns, some of them in isolation, or the tibial insertion of the PCL. Although the neurovascular structures require constant attention during the surgical procedure, their direct vision and their meticulous protection, performed by experienced surgeons, minimizes the risk of injury, and their manipulation is not a contraindication for using this approach. Level of Evidence: IV

Clinical results of modified medial approach in the treatment of Pilon fracture with medial column compression / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the clinical results of modified medial incision in the treatment o f Pilon fracture with medial column compression and evaluate its safety.@*METHODS@#Thirty-one patients of Pilon fracture with medial column compressiom accepted surgical treatments in the Department of Foot and Ankle at Honghui Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from January 2015 to January 2019. According to the imaging data at admission, 31 cases were diagnosed as closed Pilon fractures, and both preoperative X-ray and 3D CT scan were shown as medial column compressive fractures. All patients underwent modified medial incision with complete data, including 23 males and 8 females;ranging in age from 22 to 65 years old, with an average of (39.5±16.2) years old. All patients underwent modified medial approach combined with other approaches to expose the broken end of fracture. The time from trauma to operation ranging from 7 to 20 days, with a mean of(9.5±5.5) days. The incision and fracture healing were followed up regularly after operation.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up with an average of(15.7±5.5) months(ranged, 13 to 25 months). Preoperative and postoperative routine X-ray and 3D CT examination showed anatomical reduction in 8 cases, and the anatomical reduction rate was 25.81%. Up to the latest follow-up, all 31 fractures had achieved bone healing, and the healing time ranged from 11 to 22 weeks, with a mean of (14.3±4.7) weeks. At the latest follow-up, the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle and hindfoot scores ranged from 75 to 89, with a mean of 80.5±4.9, 24 patients got a good result, 7 fair.@*CONCLUSION@#The improved medial approach for Pilon fracture can directly expose the posterior medial, medial and anterior medial of the distal tibia. After reduction under direct vision, the medial compressed and collapsed articular surface are fixed. The clinical curative effect is satisfactory and the wound complications are less. It is recommended for Pilon fracture where compression of the medial articular surface is predominant.

Tratamiento artroscópico de las fracturas de la eminencia intercondílea / Arthroscopic treatment of intercondylar eminence fractures

Introducción: las fracturas de la eminencia intercondílea son fracturas por avulsión del ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA). Las opciones terapéuticas en las fracturas desplazadas consisten en un abordaje artroscópico y fijación de las fracturas. Actualmente se debate sobre la técnica quirúrgica y el material de fijación. El objetivo de nuestra revisión bibliográfica es analizar los diferentes métodos de fijación artroscópica disponibles en la actualidad para el tratamiento de las fracturas de la eminencia intercondílea. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una revisión sistemática de la bibliografía con el formato PRISMA. Se incluyeron fracturas de la eminencia intercondílea en adultos tratados mediante artroscopía. Resultados: se analizaron dieciséis artículos, con un total de quinientas cincuenta y una fracturas. El método de fijación más utilizado fue la sutura (31%), cerclaje (25%), anclas (22%), fijación con Kw (8%), Endobutton® (6.3%), tornillos (4.5%) y alambre (3%). Conclusión: ningún método de fijación demostró superioridad en cuanto a porcentajes de estabilidad, consolidación y tiempo de inmovilización. Nivel de Evidencia: II

Introduction: fractures of the intercondylar eminence are avulsion fractures of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Treatment options for displaced fractures consist of an arthroscopic approach and fracture fixation. There is currently debate about the surgical technique and the fixation material. The aim of our literature review is to analyze the different methods of arthroscopic fixation currently available in the treatment of fractures of the intercondylar eminence.Materials and methods: a systematic review of the bibliography was carried out using the PRISMA format. The inclusion criteria were fractures of the intercondylar eminence in adults treated by arthroscopy.Results: sixteen articles were analyzed, with a total of 551 fractures. The most affected knee was the right with 66% of cases. The most used fixation method was suture (31%), cerclage (25%), anchors (22%), Kw fixation (8%), Endobutton® (6.3%), screws (4.5%) and wire (3%).Conclusions: no fixation method showed the superiority in terms of percentages of stability, consolidation, and immobilization time. Level of Evidence: III

Study on the Fixation Effect of Plate in the Middle Tibial Fracture Based on Finite Element Analysis / 中国医疗器械杂志

In this study, tibial shaft fracture has been treated with implants as numerically to investigate the stress behavior and the effect of plate material, position and length under pressure load. Plates of stainless steel, titanium alloy(Ti6Al4V), or CF-PEEK(CF50) were used to fix the tibial shaft comminuted fracture in different location and different working length. The maximum stress, the maximum micromotion of fracture and the stress shielding of cortex bone were analyzed. CF50 is more ideal biomechanical fixation material than traditional metal material for the treatment of tibial shaft comminuted fractures. In the treatment of tibial shaft comminuted fracture, lateral position and with relatively long working length of the plate have the advantages in micromotion, stress and stress shielding rate of the fracture end.

Analysis of the efficacy of a modified posteromedial approach for Klammer III posterior Pilon fractures / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#To analyze the curative effect and technical points of a modified posteromedial approach in the treatment of Klammer III posterior Pilon fracture.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis of patients with Klammer III posterior Pilon fractures were conducted in our department from January 2018 to December 2019. Before the surgery, the patients were fully relieved of swelling and pain, and a comprehensive examination was carried out. The posteromedial approach exposed the posterior and medial fracture block of the distal tibia. According to the fracture of external malleolus, it is determined whether to combine a lateral incision and protect tendons and vascular nerves by a retractor, and then perform a fracture reduction and internal fixation. Postoperatively, the patients were treated with analgesia, detumescence, anticoagulation and rehabilitation exercise. The American orthopaedic foot and ankle society (AOFAS) score and visual analogue score were recorded at regular follow-up after surgery. A t-test was used for the comparison of the preoperative and final AOFAS score.@*RESULTS@#There were 7 male and 13 female (n = 20) included in the study, aged 22 to 88 years (average age 54.2 years). The injury mechanisms were falling from a height (n = 7), traffic accident (n = 6), walking injury (n = 2) and heavy injury (n = 5). The postoperative follow-up duration was 12-24 months (mean 16.95 months). The AOFAS score of the 20 patients before and after surgery were compared. The preoperative AOFAS score was 38.90 ± 3.91, and the final AOFAS score was 80.55 ± 4.20, (p < 0.001). The mean final visual analogue scores at rest, active and weight-bearing walking were 0.30, 0.85 and 1.70, respectively. One patient reported poor postoperative wound healing and required a return to hospital for debridement and anti-infection treatment.@*CONCLUSION@#In the treatment of Klammer III posterior Pilon fractures, the modified posteromedial approach can fully expose the fracture block and the collapsed articular surface of the medial malleolus, achieve good reduction and internal fixation with limited injury of the tendon and vascular nerves, and have a better prognosis.

Dual split and dislocation----a variant of Schatzker type-I tibial plateau fracture: A case report / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Schatzkter type-I tibial plateau fracture is a split fracture of the lateral tibial plateau in sagittal plane, consequent to valgus impaction caused by low velocity of trauma. However, a deep understanding of the different columns of the tibial plateau and patho-mechanisms of the injury led to the unmasking of atypical fractures around the tibial plateau. We have encountered 2 cases with unusual fracture pattern of the lateral tibial condyle caused by road traffic accidents. The fracture pattern and severity of injury deviate from the original description of Schatzker type 1; in view of dual plane split, there is rotation of the posterolateral column fragment along its sagittal plane plus grade-III medial collateral ligament injury. The patients were initially treated with knee spanning external fixator and after a latency of 5 days, definitive fracture specific fixation was done, combined with repair of grade-III medial collateral ligament injury. At the 6 months follow-up both the patients achieved satisfactory knee functions (knee society score case 1: 100 and case 2: 92) and returned to their jobs. The severity of fracture pattern and displacement as described should prompt for examination of associated ligament injury. Because of timely diagnosis, early and appropriate care promised an excellent function outcome even in such a severe nature of knee injury. To prompt the description of injury pattern we coined the name "dual split and dislocation" of lateral tibial plateau, as a complex injury variant of split fracture of lateral tibial plateau fracture.

Rol de la artroscopía en fracturas de platillo tibial: revisión bibliográfica / Role of arthroscopy in tibial plateau fractures: bibliographic review / Papel da artroscopia nas fraturas do planalto tibial: revisão bibliográfica

Objetivo: El objetivo del presente estudio es explorar y describir resultados y experiencias en el tratamiento de las fracturas de platillo tibial Schatzker1 I-IV con asistencia artroscópica para obtener reducción como parte de la técnica de fijación interna (ARIF). Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda sistematizada en diferentes motores de búsqueda como Pubmed y Lilacs. Se buscó con la misma metodología por 2 revisores independientes utilizando términos MESH "Tibial Fracture", "Arthroscopic". Se incluyeron artículos publicados en los últimos 5 años (2014 a Setiembre 2020), que muestren resultados clínicos de los procedimientos, en inglés o español, en humanos y mayores de 18 años. Resultados: Siguiendo los criterios de inclusión se identificaron 114 títulos, y finalmente 9 artículos fueron incluidos en nuestra revisión sistematizada. De los 9 artículos revisados 5 corresponden a series de casos con un nivel de evidencia IV, 3 corresponden a estudios comparativos retrospectivos entre técnicas de reducción abierta y fijación interna (ORIF) y ARIF con nivel de evidencia III y un estudio corresponde a un nivel de evidencia I. Un total de 217 pacientes fueron intervenidos mediante ARIF en nuestra revisión, el tiempo promedio de seguimiento fue de 24.9 meses (12-90 m), en cuanto al tipo de fractura las más frecuentes fueron las fracturas de platillo tibial Schatzker II y III, la lesión asociada más frecuente fue la lesión meniscal seguida de la rotura del ligamento cruzado anterior. En cuanto al porcentaje total de resultados obtenidos independientemente de cada score utilizado, el 98% aproximadamente obtuvo resultados buenos o excelentes. El porcentaje de complicaciones operadas con asistencia artroscópica resultó ser aproximadamente del 6.5%, siendo la complicación más frecuente la trombosis venosa profunda con 6 casos. Conclusiones: De nuestra revisión podemos concluir que la asistencia artroscópica es útil en el tratamiento de las fracturas de platillo tibial Schatzker I-IV, siendo una técnica que provee resultados funcionales satisfactorios, sin incrementar el número de complicaciones y permite tratar lesiones asociadas en el mismo acto.

Objective: The objective of this study is to explore the experience and the results of Schatzker1 I-IV tibial plateau fractures internal fixation technique (ARIF) with arthroscopic assistance Methodology: A systematic review was carried out in different search engines such as Pubmed and Lilacs. The same methodology was applied by two independent reviewers using MESH terms "Tibial Fracture", "Arthroscopic". Articles published in the last 5 years (2014 to September 2020) were included, showing clinical results of the procedures, in English or Spanish, in humans and over 18 years of age. Results: Following the inclusion criteria, 114 titles were identified, and finally 9 articles were included in our systematic review. Of the 9 articles reviewed, 5 were case series (level of evidence IV), 3 retrospective comparative studies between open reduction and internal fixation techniques (ORIF) and ARIF with level of evidence III and one study was level of evidence I. A total of 217 patients underwent ARIF surgery in our review, the average follow-up time was 24.9 months (12-90 m), in terms of the type of fracture, the most frequent were Schatzker II tibial plateau fractures and III, the most frequent associated injury was meniscal injury followed by anterior cruciate ligament tear. Regarding the total percentage of results obtained independently of each score used, approximately 98% obtained good or excellent results. The percentage of complications with arthroscopic assistance turned out to be approximately 6.5%, the most frequent complication being deep vein thrombosis with 6 cases. Conclusions: From our review we can conclude that arthroscopic assistance is useful in the treatment of Schatzker I-IV tibial plateau fractures, since it provides satisfactory functional results, without increasing the number of complications and allows treating associated injuries simultaneously.

Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo é explorar e descrever os resultados e experiências no tratamento das fraturas do planalto tibial de Schatzker1 I-IV com auxílio artroscópico para obter redução como parte da técnica de fixação interna (ARIF). Metodologia: : Foi realizada uma busca sistemática em diferentes motores de busca, como Pubmed e Lilacs. Foi pesquisado com a mesma metodologia por 2 revisores independentes usando os termos do MESH "Tibial Fracture", "Arthroscopic". Foram incluídos artigos publicados nos últimos 5 anos (2014 a setembro de 2020), mostrando resultados clínicos dos procedimentos, em inglês ou espanhol, em humanos e maiores de 18 anos. Resultados: Seguindo os critérios de inclusão, 114 títulos foram identificados e, finalmente, 9 artigos foram incluídos em nossa revisão sistemática. Dos 9 artigos revisados, 5 correspondem a séries de casos com nível de evidência IV, 3 correspondem a estudos comparativos retrospectivos entre técnicas de redução aberta e fixação interna (ORIF) e ARIF com nível de evidência III e um estudo corresponde a nível de evidência . evidências I. Um total de 217 pacientes foram submetidos a ARIF em nossa revisão, o tempo médio de acompanhamento foi de 24,9 meses (12-90 m), em termos do tipo de fratura, as mais frequentes foram as fraturas do planalto tibial de Schatzker II e III , a lesão associada mais frequente foi a lesão meniscal seguida de ruptura do ligamento cruzado anterior. Em relação ao percentual total de resultados obtidos independentemente de cada escore utilizado, aproximadamente 98% obtiveram resultados bons ou excelentes. O percentual de complicações operadas com assistência artroscópica revelou-se em torno de 6,5%, sendo a complicação mais frequente a trombose venosa profunda com 6 casos. Conclusões: Da nossa revisão podemos concluir que a assistência artroscópica é útil no tratamento das fraturas do planalto tibial de Schatzker I-IV, sendo uma técnica que fornece resultados funcionais satisfatórios, sem aumentar o número de complicações e permite tratar lesões associadas no mesmo ato.

Tratamiento de pseudoartrosis séptica de tibia secundaria a fractura expuesta. A propósito de un caso / Treatment of tibia septic pseudo arthritis secondary to exposed fracture. Apropos of a case

RESUMEN Las fracturas expuestas de tibia han sido uno de los problemas más importantes para los sistemas de atención en salud pública. Se caracterizan por tres factores de riesgo fundamentales: daño óseo y tejidos blandos, gran posibilidad de contaminación y dificultades para el tratamiento conservador y quirúrgico, debido al daño óseo y de partes blandas asociados, que implica un alto índice de complicaciones. El tratamiento de estas fracturas es un tema ampliamente discutido en cuanto a la técnica quirúrgica a utilizar. Debido la pobre vascularización y poca cantidad de tejidos blandos que cubren la tibia, este hueso es muy vulnerable a la pseudoartrosis y a la infección. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la técnica quirúrgica de transportación ósea con fijador externo Ilizarov y evaluar el resultado en defectos óseos de tibia de más de 6 cm, secundario a pseudoartrosis infectada. Como resultado, el paciente evolucionó con una pseudoartrosis séptica de tibia derecha secundaria a fractura expuesta. El seguimiento fue de 18 meses, la pérdida ósea de 6 cm, la velocidad de distracción de 1 mm/día, el período de transportación de 95 días, y el tiempo con fijador de 198 días. Fue necesario realizar un nuevo proceder quirúrgico en el sitio de contacto, con vistas a reavivar los extremos óseos. La transportación ósea con fijador Ilizarov es válida para el tratamiento de la pérdida ósea en fracturas expuestas de tibia o pseudoartrosis séptica (AU).

ABSTRACT Exposed tibia fractures have been one of the most important problems for public health care systems. They are characterized by three main risk factors: bone and soft tissue damage, high possibilities of contamination and difficulties for the surgical and conservative treatment, due to the associated bone and soft tissues damage implying a high rate of complications. The treatment of these fractures is a widely discussed topic regarding the surgical technique to be used. Due to poor vascularization and little quantity of soft tissue covering tibia, this bone is highly vulnerable to pseudoarthritis and infection. The aim of this work was to describe the surgical technique of bone transport with Ilizarov external fixator and to evaluate the result in tibial bone defects of more than 6 cm, secondary to infected pseudoarthritis. As a result, the patient evolved with septic pseudoarthritis of right tibia secondary to exposed fracture. The follow up lasted 18 months; the bone loss was 6 cm; the distraction speed was 1 mm/day; the transportation period was 95 days and the time with fixator was 198 days. It was necessary to perform a new surgical procedure at the contact site to recuperate the bone ends. Bone transport with Ilizarov fixator is valid for the bone loss treatment in tibia exposed fractures or septic pseudo arthritis (AU).

Lesión traumática expuesta, compleja y grave de tibia, tratada con fijador externo Álvarez Cambras / Exposed, complex and severe traumatic injury of the tibia treated with Alvarez Cambra external fixation

RESUMEN Con el paulatino incremento de accidentes automovilísticos, de trabajo, y la violencia urbana, las fracturas expuestas y complejas constituyen traumatismos de creciente incidencia y de difícil solución, con largos períodos de convalecencia que ponen en peligro la vida o la conservación del miembro lesionado. Un gran número de ellas dejan secuelas invalidantes. Existen varios tratamientos, entre ellos la fijación externa, utilizando el sistema creado por el profesor Rodrigo Álvarez Cambras, con varias ventajas que proporcionan una mejor evolución. Se realizó este trabajo con el objetivo de mostrar la evolución y los resultados de un paciente ingresado y operado con el diagnóstico de lesión expuesta, compleja y grave de la extremidad inferior, específicamente de tibia. Este presentó varias complicaciones, por lo que se le colocó un aparato de osteosíntesis de fijación externa Álvarez Cambras en el Hospital Provincial Clínico Quirúrgico Docente José Ramón López Tabrane, de Matanzas (AU).

ABSTRACT With the gradual increase of automobile and work accidents as well as urban violence, exposed and complex fractures are traumas of increasing incidence and difficult solution, with long periods of convalescence that endanger the life or the conservation of the injured member. A large number of them leave invalidating sequels. There are several treatments, including external fixation using the system created by Professor Rodrigo Alvarez Cambra, with several advantages that provide a better evolution. The current work was carried out with the objective of showing the evolution and results of a patient who entered the Teaching Provincial Clinical-surgical Hospital Jose Ramon Lopez Tabrane, of Matanzas, and underwent a surgery with the diagnosis of exposed, complex and serious lesion in the lower limb, specifically of tibia. The patient had several complications and so he was put an Alvarez Cambra external fixation osteosynthesis devise (AU).

Caracterización de fracturas abiertas de tibia / Characterization of Open Tibial Fractures

Introducción: Las fracturas diafisiarias de la tibia son las que con mayor frecuencia encuentran los cirujanos ortopédicos en su práctica habitual. La fractura expuesta de tibia es una urgencia quirúrgica que requiere desbridamiento, lavado, reducción y estabilización de los fragmentos óseos lo antes posible, e inicio de la administración de antibióticos profilácticos. Objetivo: Caracterizar los pacientes con fractura expuesta de tibia grado II y IIIA, tratados mediante estabilización con clavo acerrojado intramedular, identificando mecanismo de producción, número de intervenciones quirúrgicas por paciente, así como las principales complicaciones encontradas. Método: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, ambispectivo y de corte transversal en pacientes con fractura abierta de tibia, tratados quirúrgicamente con clavo acerrojado intramedular. Resultados: La edad de los pacientes osciló entre 21 y 69 años. Predominó el sexo masculino (65,4 porciento), la mayor causa traumática fueron los accidentes en la vía pública (37 pacientes); predominaron las fracturas del tercio medio abiertas grado IIIA con estadía hospitalaria menor de 10 días, y complicaciones en la tercera parte de los pacientes. Conclusiones: Se observó mayor incidencia en pacientes masculinos en edades comprendidas entre 18 y 29 años por accidentes del tránsito. La localización habitual fue el tercio medio y más de la mitad fueron clasificadas como grado IIIA de la tipología de Gustilo y Anderson(AU)

Introduction: Diaphyseal fractures of the tibia are those most frequently treated by orthopedic surgeons in their common practice. The exposed fracture of the tibia is a surgical emergency that requires debridement, lavage, reduction and stabilization of the bone fragments as soon as possible, and initiation of the administration of prophylactic antibiotics. Objective: To characterize patients with grade II and IIIA exposed tibial fracture, treated by stabilization with an intramedullary nail, identifying production mechanism, number of surgical interventions per patient, as well as the main complications found. Method: An observational, descriptive, ambispective and cross-sectional study in patients with an open fracture of the tibia treated surgically with an intramedullary locking nail. Results: The age of the patients ranged between 21 and 69 years. Male sex predominated (65.4 percent), the major traumatic cause was accidents on public roads (37 patients); Grade IIIA open middle third fractures predominated with hospital stays of less than 10 days, and complications in a third of the patients. Conclusions: High incidence was observed in male patients between the ages of 18 and 29 due to traffic accidents. The usual location was the middle third and more than half were classified as grade IIIA of Gustilo and Anderson typology(AU)

Evaluación de los resultados en el tratamiento de los pacientes con fracturas de pilón tibial / Outcomes assessment in the treatment of patients with tibial pylon fractures

RESUMEN Introducción: las fracturas de pilón tibial son un desafío para el cirujano y actualmente existe controversia en cuanto a su tratamiento. Objetivo: evaluar los resultados del tratamiento aplicado. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal, con el universo de estudio de todos los pacientes que fueron atendidos y tratados con fractura de pilón tibial desde el 1 de enero de 2015 al 31 de diciembre de 2016. Se seleccionó una muestra de 27 pacientes. Resultados: hubo un predominio del sexo masculino (78 %), y del grupo de edades de 40 a 49 años para ambos sexos (37 %). Prevalecieron las fracturas producidas por accidentes de tránsito, con 59 %. Las fracturas cerradas fueron las más representadas, con 78 %. El 67 % de los pacientes no presentaron lesiones asociadas y predominaron las fracturas tipo II en el 55 % del total. Se aplicó tratamiento quirúrgico a un 74 % y se logró la consolidación en un 78 % de los casos antes de las 16 semanas. Antes de las 20 semanas se le indicó el apoyo al 78 % de los casos. Se complicaron 13 pacientes, para un 48 % del total. A pesar de ello, como resultado final, fueron evaluados de excelente y bien el 63 % de los pacientes. Conclusiones: la fractura de pilón tibial constituye una lesión de muy difícil manejo para el cirujano traumatólogo de hoy (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: tibial pylon fractures are a challenge for the surgeon surgery and currently there is a controversy regarding their treatment. Objective: to assess the outcomes of the applied treatment. Materials and methods: an observational, descriptive, longitudinal study was carried out with the study universe of all the patients who were attended and treated with tibial pylon fracture from January 1st, 2015 to December 31st, 2016. A sample composed by 27 patients was chosen. Results: male sex (78 %) and both-sexes 40-49 age group (37 %) predominated. There was a predominance of fractures caused by traffic accidents with 59 %, being closed fractures the most represented ones, with 78 %. 67 % of the patients did not present associated injuries, being type II fractures predominant in 55 % of the total. 74 % of the cases underwent surgery, achieving consolidation in 78 % of the cases before 16 weeks. Before 20 weeks, 78 % of the cases were indicated to set on their foot, and 13 patients had complications, representing 48 % of the total. In spite of this, 63 % of the patients were evaluated as excellent and well as final outcome. Conclusions: the tibial pylon fracture is an injury of very difficult handling for the today's orthopedic surgeon (AU).

Fracturas avulsivas tibiales del ligamento cruzado posterior fijadas con tornillos: un estudio clínico y radiológico / Screw fixation of posterior cruciate ligament tibial avulsion fractures: a clinical and radiographic study

OBJETIVO: Realizar la evaluación clínica, imagenológica y funcional de pacientes con fracturas avulsivas tibiales del ligamento cruzado posterior (FTALCPs) fijadas con tornillos canulados con técnica abierta. MÉTODOS: Los pacientes con FTALCP operados entre 2010 y 2017 fueron revisados retrospectivamente. Criterios de inclusión: fracturas agudas, desplazadas, test de cajón posterior grado III, lesiones combinadas de rodilla, seguimiento > 12 meses. Se excluyeron pacientes > 65 años, con FTALCPs bilaterales, lesiones del ligamento cruzado posterior (LCP) intrasustancia, test de cajón posterior grados I-II, fracturas expuestas, lesiones neurovasculares, y seguimientos < 12 meses. Objetivo primario: medir la estabilidad clínica mediante test de cajón posterior y radiografía de estrés arrodillada comparativa. Objetivos secundarios: nvaluar la consolidación en radiografías, complicaciones y funcionalidad con las escalas de Lysholm y Tegner. Resultados Se incluyeron 20 pacientes, con edad media de 41 años (rango: 32 a 61 años). El seguimiento promedio fue de 33,9 meses (rango: 12 a 82 meses). La estabilidad clínica mejoró en 93% (cajón posterior postoperatorio grados 0 y I) de los pacientes. La radiografía de estrés arrodillada mostró una diferencia promedio de 2,6 mm (rango: 0,1 mm a 6,8 mm) de traslación posterior al comparar con el lado sano. Todas las fracturas consolidaron. Siete pacientes presentaron complicaciones. El puntaje promedio de la escala de Lysholm al final del seguimiento fue de 85,17. El promedio preoperatorio del puntaje en la escala de Tegner no varió significativamente en comparación con el postoperatorio. CONCLUSIONES: La fijación de fracturas avulsivas tibiales del LCP con tornillos canulados con técnica abierta es efectiva en restaurar la estabilidad posterior y lograr la consolidación ósea. La funcionalidad clínica a mediano plazo es buena, a pesar del alto número de complicaciones y lesiones concomitantes. NIVEL DE EVIDENCIA: tipo IV.

OBJECTIVE: To report mid-term clinical, radiographic, and functional outcomes following open reduction and fixation of posterior cruciate ligament tibial avulsion fractures (PCLTAFs) with cannulated screws. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of patients with PCLTAF operated on from August 2010 to April 2017. Patients with acute fractures, with more than 2 mm of displacement and grade III on the posterior drawer test, combined or not to knee injuries, were included. Patients older than 65 years of age, with bilateral avulsion fractures, intrasubstance posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) lesions, stable grade-I to -II on the posterior drawer test, concomitant neurovascular injuries, mid-substance tears, open fractures, and less than 12 months of follow-up were excluded. Primary outcomes: the clinical stability was assessed using the posterior drawer test and a single comparative knee stress radiograph. Secondary outcomes: radiographic consolidation, complications, Lysholm score, and Tegner activity score. RESULTS: In total, 20 patients with a mean age of 41 years (range: 32 to 61 years) were included. The mean follow-up was of 33.9 months (range: 12 to 82 months). Clinical stability (grade 0 or I on the posterior drawer test) was observed in 93% of the patients. The mean difference in contralateral posterior displacement was of 2.6 mm (range: 0.1 mm to 6.8 mm) on a single comparative knee stress radiograph. All fractures presented radiological consolidation. Seven patients developed complications. The mean Lysholm score at the last follow-up visit was of 85.17. The postoperative Tegner activity scores did no vary significantly compared to the preinjury scores. CONCLUSIONS: Cannulated screw fixation of a displaced PCLTAF through a posterior approach restores clinical and radiographic stability and has excellent union rates. The mid-term functional outcomes are good despite the high rates of combined knee lesions and postoperative complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Abordaje anterolateral extendido y fijación con placa rim en fragmentos posterolaterales en fracturas de platillo tibial / Extended anterolateral approach and rim plate fixation for posterolateral fragments in tibial plateau fractures

Los fragmentos posterolaterales (FPLs) en fracturas de platillo tibial son frecuentes, pero difíciles de reducir y estabilizar. Actualmente existe controversia sobre cómo deben ser abordados; si bien un abordaje anterolateral es más seguro, este puede ser insuficiente para lograr una correcta reducción. Los abordajes posterolaterales y posteriores ofrecen una visión directa y permiten una fijación con ventaja biomecánica; sin embargo, son más demandantes y exponen al paciente a una mayor morbilidad. A continuación, se presenta una nota técnica sobre la reducción y fijación de FPLs con una placa rim por medio de un abordaje anterolateral extendido a través del espacio paraligamento colateral lateral.

Posterolateral fragments (PLFs) are commonly seen in tibial plateau fractures, but their reduction and fixation are challenging. There is no consensus about the ideal approach to fix this particular fragment. Even though an anterolateral approach is a safe option, it may impair a correct reduction. The posterolateral and posterior approaches offer direct visualization of the fragment, and enable a fixation with a biomechanical advantage; however, they are more demanding and expose the patient to a higher risk if morbidity. The following technical note describes the reduction and fixation of PLFs with a rim plate through an extended anterolateral approach using the paralateral collateral ligament space.

Fractura de espina tibial y lesión en asa de balde de menisco interno / Tibial spine fracture and a bucket handle medial meniscus injury

Introducción: Las fracturas de la espina tibial son entidades con una baja incidencia, pero frecuentemente asociadas a lesiones concomitantes. La RM es el estudio considerado patrón de oro para estudiarlas y descartarlas.Presentación del caso: se presenta un caso de fractura de espina tibial desplazada y lesión en asa de balde concomitante. El tratamiento artroscópico de la lesión consistió en la fijación de la fractura de espina tibial con dos pines biodegradables y sutura meniscal interna con tres sistemas todo-adentro Meniscal Cinch® y dos puntos verticales fuera-dentro con FiberWire 2.0®. Conclusión: el paciente tuvo una excelente evolución clínica, sin presentar complicaciones inherentes a la lesión inicial ni al tratamiento implementado, con un retorno a sus actividades deportivas al mismo nivel previo a la lesión.Tipo de estudio: Reporte de caso.

Introduction: Tibial eminence fractures are uncommon injuries but are frequently associated to concomitant injuries. MRI is considered the Gold Standard; it allows a detailed evaluation of any soft tissue involvement with the injury. Case presentation: an unusual presentation case is reported: a displaced tibial spine fracture and a bucket handle medial meniscus injury. Arthroscopic reduction and fixation were performed, using two bioabsorbable pins for the tibial spine fixation; and three all-inside and two vertical outside-in sutures were needed for the medial meniscus repair. Conclusion: the patient presented excellent clinical outcomes, without presenting inherent complications due to primary injury nor realized treatment, achieving sport activity levels prior to injury. Type of study: Case report

Fijación artroscópica de la fractura por avulsión de espina tibial: resultados con cinco años de seguimiento / Arthroscopic fixation of the tibial spine fracture-avulsion. fifth-years follow-up results

Introducción: Las fracturas por avulsión del ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) en adultos son inusuales y en general se deben a traumatismos de alta energía. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar clínica y funcionalmente una serie de pacientes adultos con avulsión de espina tibial. Materiales y métodos: analizamos doce pacientes operados por avulsión de espina tibial entre diciembre de 2009 y diciembre de 2019 tratados con reducción y fijación artroscópica mediante suturas pull-out o tornillos canulados. Evaluamos el rango de movilidad articular (RMA) y la estabilidad postoperatoria con pruebas de Lachman, pivot shift y KT-1000, así como el retorno al deporte y resultados funcionales con las escalas de Lysholm e IKDC. Examinamos consolidación radiográfica y complicaciones postquirúrgicas. Resultados: ocho pacientes fueron incluidos. Cuatro tratados con tornillos canulados (grupo 1) y cuatro con suturas pull-out (grupo 2) con edad promedio de veintinueve años y seguimiento promedio de setenta y ocho y cuarenta y dos meses (grupos 1 y 2, respectivamente). Todos recuperaron el RMA, presentaron Lachman y pivot shift negativos y KT-1000 <3 mm. Tres de cinco pacientes retomaron deportes de pívot. Todos los pacientes presentaron consolidación radiográfica. No se registraron complicaciones postoperatorias.Conclusión: ambas técnicas quirúrgicas fueron efectivas para restablecer la estabilidad articular, lograr buenos resultados funcionales a corto y mediano plazo y alcanzar la consolidación radiográfica en los primeros tres meses postoperatorios

Introduction: Avulsion fractures of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) are rare in adults and generally due to high-energy trauma. The objective of this paper was to evaluate clinically and functionally a series of adult patients with anterior tibial eminence fractures treated with reduction and arthroscopic fixation using "pull-out" sutures or cannulated screws.Materials and methods: twelve patients operated on anterior tibial eminence fractures between December of 2009 and December of 2019 were analyzed in whom arthroscopic treatment was performed with "pull-out" sutures or cannulated screws. We evaluated the joint range of motion (ROM) and postoperative stability with Lachman, Pivot-Shift, and KT-1000 tests. Return to sport and functional results were evaluated with the Lysholm and IKDC scales. We analyzed radiographic consolidation and postsurgical complications. Results: eight patients were included. Four of them were treated with cannulated screws (group 1) and four with pull-out sutures (group 2) with a mean age of twenty-nine years and a mean follow-up of seventy-eight and forty-two months (groups 1 and 2, respectively). All of them recovered the ROM, presented negative Lachman and Pivot-Shift, and KT-1000 <3 mm at last follow-up. Three out of five patients returned to pivoting sports. The Lysholm average was 98.75 (group 1) and 91.25 (group 2). The IKDC average was 85.25 (group 1) and 74.67 (group 2). All patients presented radiographic consolidation. No postoperative complications were recorded.Conclusion: both surgical techniques were effective in restoring joint stability, achieving good functional results in the short and medium-term, and achieving radiographic consolidation in the first three postoperative months