Paciente con quistes pulmonares y diagnóstico de coinfección con tuberculosis e hidatidosis: reporte de un caso pediátrico / Patient with pulmonary cysts and diagnosis of co-infection with tuberculosis and hydatidosis. Pediatric cases report

Existen numerosas entidades en la población pediátrica que pueden presentarse en forma de quistes o como lesiones de similares características. De estas patologías, las infecciosas son las más frecuentes. Se presenta el caso de una paciente oriunda de Bolivia con migración reciente a la Argentina que presentó una coinfección con tuberculosis e hidatidosis pulmonar. Ambas infecciones se pueden presentar con signos y síntomas similares y, aunque la asociación citada es poco frecuente en la bibliografía, ciertos mecanismos inmunitarios podrían intervenir en la coinfección de parásitos helmintos y micobacterias. Ambas patologías son infecciones prevalentes en nuestra región y deben ser tenidas en cuenta entre los diagnósticos diferenciales ante pacientes con imágenes quísticas o cavitarias pulmonares.

Numerous entities in the pediatric population can present in the form of cysts or as lesions with similar characteristics. Of the pathologies that can cause these images in children, infectious diseases are the most frequent. We present the case of a native of Bolivia with recent immigration to Argentina who presented a pulmonary co-infection with tuberculosis and hydatidosis. Both infections can present with similar signs and symptoms and although this association is rarely reported in the literature, certain immunological mechanisms could intervene in the causal association of co-infection between helminth parasites and mycobacteria. Both pathologies are very prevalent infections in our region and should be taken into account among the differential diagnoses in patients with cystic or cavitary pulmonary diseases.

Estudo do perfil epidemiológico da tuberculose na população idosa no estado de São Paulo entre os anos de 2018-2020 / Study of the epidemiological profile of tuberculosis in the elderly population in the state of São Paulo between the years 2018-2020 / Estudio del perfil epidemiológico de la tuberculosis en la población anciana del estado de São Paulo entre los años 2018- 2020

A tuberculose e um doença que causa preocupação para as autoridades de saúde pública. Quando analisamos o envelhecimento da população, os idosos são mais susceptíveis a várias doenças, entre elas a tuberculose. Um dos motivos dessa fragilidade na saúde e devido a sua imunossenescência, além das comorbinadas frequentes nesse grupo etário. Desta forma, objetivou realizar uma pesquisa quantitativa, descritiva, realizada por bases secundárias de dados online, no qual foram utilizados o Serviço de Informação do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS). Na pessquisa, foram inclusas pessoas de ambos os sexos com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos e com diagnóstico de Tuberculose no Estado de São Paulo entre os anos de 2018 a 2020. Nesta pesquisa pode se observar uma elevada ocorrência de tuberculose na população idosa principalmente no sexo masculino. Em relação a faixa etária com maior contaminados pela tuberculose foi entre 60-64 anos já a faixa etária com grande número de óbitos ocorreu 70-79 anos, por causa dessa doença.

Tuberculosis is a disease of concern to public health authorities. When we analyze the aging of the population, the elderly are more susceptible to several diseases, including tuberculosis. One of the reasons for this fragility in health is due to its immunosenescence, in addition to the frequent co-morbidities in this age group. In this way, it aimed to carry out a quantitative, descriptive research, carried out by secondary online databases, in which the Information Service of the Unified Health System (DATASUS) was used. In the research, people of both sexes aged 60 years or older and diagnosed with tuberculosis in the State of São Paulo between the years 2018 to 2020 were included. in male. Regarding the age group with the highest number of tuberculosis infections, it was between 60-64 years old, while the age group with a large number of deaths occurred between 70-79 years old, because of this disease.

La tuberculosis es una enfermedad que preocupa a las autoridades de salud pública. Cuando analizamos el envejecimiento de la población, los ancianos son más susceptibles de padecer diversas enfermedades, entre ellas la tuberculosis. Una de las razones de esta fragilidad en la salud se debe a su inmunosenescencia, además de las frecuentes comorbilidades en este grupo de edad. De esta forma, se pretendía realizar una investigación cuantitativa, descriptiva, realizada por bases secundarias de datos online, en las que se utilizó el Servicio de Información del Sistema Único de Salud (DATASUS). En la investigación se incluyeron personas de ambos sexos con 60 años o más y diagnosticadas de Tuberculosis en el Estado de São Paulo entre los años 2018 y 2020. En esta investigación se puede observar una alta ocurrencia de tuberculosis en la población de edad avanzada, especialmente en los varones. En relación con el grupo de edad con mayor contaminación por tuberculosis fue entre 60-64 años ya el grupo de edad con un gran número de muertes se produjo 70- 79 años, a causa de esta enfermedad.

Coloración de Ziehl-Neelsen en el laboratorio de patología: rendimiento y contribución al diagnóstico de micobacterias en el lavado broncoalveolar / Ziehl-Neelsen stain in the pathology laboaratory: Performance and diagnostic aid for mycobacteria in bronchoalveolar lavage

Introducción. La coloración de Ziehl-Neelsen, con más de 100 años de uso, continúa vigente mundialmente. Objetivo. Comparar el rendimiento de las pruebas diagnósticas utilizadas para la determinación de micobacterias en el laboratorio clínico de patología en muestras de lavado broncoalveolar. Materiales y métodos. Se revisaron retrospectivamente 737 muestras de lavado broncoalveolar procesadas en el 2019 y el 2020 en el Hospital San Vicente Fundación (Medellín, Colombia) y se compararon las características de tres pruebas diagnósticas realizadas en paralelo: la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) para micobacterias con detección de resistencia, el cultivo, y la coloración de Ziehl-Neelsen. Resultados. Se catalogaron como enfermos a 93 de los 737 pacientes a partir de los resultados positivos en alguna de las tres pruebas. El cultivo tuvo una sensibilidad de 0,80, la PCR una de 0,76 y la coloración de Ziehl-Neelsen una de 0,51. Sin embargo, solo 5 de 75 (6,5 %) cultivos fueron positivos a las cuatro semanas y el resto lo fue a las ocho semanas. La PCR combinada con la coloración de Ziehl-Neelsen mejoró la sensibilidad de la PCR por sí sola, de 0,76 a 0,88, diferencia que fue estadísticamente signifcativa (p=0,022). Conclusión. En las muestras de lavado broncoalveolar, el cultivo sigue siendo la prueba con mejor sensibilidad. El uso conjunto de la prueba de PCR y la coloración de ZiehlNeelsen mejora signifcativamente la sensibilidad de la primera, lo que compensa la demora relativa en la entrega de los resultados debida al tiempo requerido para la tinción de Ziehl-Neelsen.

Introduction: With more than 100 years of use, the Ziehl-Neelsen stain is still currently used worldwide. Objective: To compare the performance of diagnostic tests used to determine mycobacteria in the clinic and pathology laboratory in bronchoalveolar lavage samples. Materials and methods: We retrospectively reviewed 737 bronchoalveolar lavage samples from 2019 to 2020 in the San Vicente Fundación hospital (Medellín, Colombia) comparing the performance of three tests done in parallel: mycobacteria and resistance PCR, culture, and Ziehl-Neelsen stain. Results: In total, 93/737 patients were classifed as sick due to a positive result in any of the three tests. The culture, PCR, and Ziehl-Neelsen stain had a sensibility of 0.80, 0.76 y 0.51, respectively. However, only 5/75 (6.5%) of the positive cultures had results within the frst four weeks and the rest in eight weeks. The PCR test combined with the Ziehl-Neelsen stain improved the sensibility of the PCR test alone from 0.76 a 0.88, a change that was statistically signifcant (p = 0.022). Conclusion: At least in bronchoalveolar lavage samples, culture is still the test with better sensibility. The use in parallel of the PCR test and the Ziehl-Neelsen stain improved in a statistically signifcant manner the performance of the PCR test alone, regardless of the higher turnaround time of the Ziehl-Neelsen stain.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis in southern Brazil / Impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 no diagnóstico laboratorial de tuberculose no sul do Brasil / Impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 en el diagnóstico de laboratorio de la tuberculosis en el sur de Brasil

Background and objectives: to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis in different settings is essential to guide the establishment of appropriate TB control strategies. This study aimed to assess the influence of COVID-19 pandemic in laboratory diagnosis of TB in patients tested and diagnosed for TB. Methods: a data survey was carried out in the database of laboratories that perform TB diagnosis for the public health system in Rio Grande city (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Results: there was a decrease of 1,368 to 735 (reduction of 46.3%) in the number of patients tested for TB in public diagnostic services in 2019 and 2020, respectively, and a decrease of 197 to 119 (reduction of 39.6%) in the number of new TB cases diagnosed. In contrast, the positivity rate was 14.4% in 2019 and 16.2% in 2020. Moreover, it was observed that the laboratory that performs the diagnostic service for Primary Health Care was the most affected, when compared to Tertiary Health Care. Conclusion: as a consequence of measures to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2, there was a reduction in TB testing and in the detection of new cases, especially in Primary Health Care, where patients with less need for hospitalization are received.(AU)

Justificativa e objetivos: compreender o impacto da pandemia COVID-19 no diagnóstico da tuberculose (TB) em diferentes locais é essencial para orientar o estabelecimento de estratégias adequadas de controle da TB. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da pandemia de COVID-19 no diagnóstico laboratorial de TB, em pacientes testados e diagnosticados com TB. Métodos: foi realizado um levantamento de dados no banco de dados de laboratórios que realizam diagnóstico de TB para o sistema público de saúde na cidade de Rio Grande (Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil). Resultados: houve redução de 1.368 para 735 (redução de 46,3%) no número de pacientes testados para TB nos serviços públicos de diagnóstico em 2019 e 2020, respectivamente, e redução de 197 para 119 (redução de 39,6%) no número de novos casos de TB diagnosticados. Em contrapartida, a taxa de positividade foi de 14,4% em 2019 e 16,2% em 2020. Além disso, observou-se que o laboratório que realiza o serviço de diagnóstico para a Atenção Primária à Saúde foi o mais afetado, quando comparado com a Atenção Terciária à Saúde. Conclusão: como consequência das medidas de controle da disseminação do SARS-CoV-2, houve redução na testagem de TB e na detecção de novos casos, principalmente na atenção primária à saúde, onde são recebidos pacientes com menor necessidade de internação.(AU)

Justificación y objetivos: comprender el impacto de la pandemia Covid-19 en el diagnóstico de tuberculosis (TB) en diferentes lugares es fundamental para orientar el establecimiento de estrategias adecuadas de control de la TB. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la influencia de la pandemia de COVID-19 en el diagnóstico de laboratorio de TB, en términos de pacientes examinados y diagnosticados de TB. Métodos: los datos fueron recolectados de la base de datos de los laboratorios que realizan el diagnóstico de TB para el sistema público de salud en la ciudad de Rio Grande (Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil). Resultados: hubo una reducción de 1.368 a 735 (reducción del 46,3%) en el número de pacientes sometidos a pruebas de TB en los servicios públicos de diagnóstico en 2019 y 2020, respectivamente, y una reducción de 197 a 119 (reducción del 39,6%) en el número de nuevos casos de TB diagnosticados. Por otro lado, la tasa de positividad fue de 14,4% en 2019 y 16,2% en 2020. Además, se observó que el laboratorio que realiza el servicio de diagnóstico para la Atención Primaria de Salud fue el más afectado, en comparación con la Atención Terciaria de Salud. Conclusiones: como consecuencia de las medidas para el control de la propagación del SARS-CoV-2, hubo una reducción en las pruebas de TB y en la detección de nuevos casos, especialmente en la Atención Primaria de Salud, donde se encuentran los pacientes con menor necesidad de hospitalización.(AU)

Diagnosis of goat tuberculosis using tuberculinization and molecular techniques

Tuberculosis is an infectious, chronic, and worldwide disease. It has been known since the beginning of humanity and still negatively influences public health and livestock, especially, in Brazil, in the northeast. Etiologic agents are the mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, which is the most important in mammals' involvement. The state of Bahia has 68.7% of its territory located in the semiarid region and holds the largest goat herd in the country. Goat breeding is a social and economic activity that adds value to this region. Up to the present, data on goat tuberculosis is unknown in this state. Thus, this study seeks data on tuberculosis prevalence in goats in a semiarid region of Bahia by using the comparative tuberculin test and multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A total of 600 adult animals of both sexes were evaluated. A prevalence of 0.33% (2/600) and 33.33% (1/3) properties were found for positive animals. Each assessed property had a questionnaire to analyze the epidemiological data management and relevant aspects for the disease occurrence. To confirm the positive tuberculin test results, PCR was used to detect and identify the pathogenic mycobacteria involved in the infection. It is concluded that most of the properties performing goat breeding in the region show low technification levels and promote farming between different species. Low prevalence of the disease alerts preventive measures to avoid major proportion situations that could influence the goat breeding in the state.

Clinical features of children with post-primary tuberculosis / 中华儿科杂志

Objective: The aim of this study was to summarize the clinical and imaging characteristics of post-primary tuberculosis in children, so as to improve the early identification and diagnosis of post-primary tuberculosis. Methods: This was a retrospective study which enrolled children who were admitted to the Department No.2 of Respiratory Medicine, Beijing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University between January 2015 to December 2020 and with a diagnosis of post-primary tuberculosis. Results: A total of 30 patients were enrolled, including 10 males and 20 females. The age on admission were 13.0 (12.0, 13.3) years. Their common symptoms were cough and fever, there were 26 cases (87%) with cough and 23 cases (77%) with fever, but only 4 cases (13%) had other toxic symptoms (night sweat, weakness or weight loss) of tuberculosis other than fever. Blood examination showed that the white blood cell count was (10±3)×109/L, accompanied by elevated proportion of neutrophils (0.69±0.11) and increased level of C-reactive protein (31 (15,81) mg/L). The common radiographic findings of CT were nodular or mass shadow with cavitation (19 cases (63%)), consolidation (13 cases (43%)), bronchogenic spread (12 cases (40%)), hilar or mediastinal lymphadenopathy (5 cases (17%)) in this cohort. The affected locations included the right upper lobe (21 cases (70%)), the left lower lobe (17 cases (57%)) and the right lower lobe (15 cases (50%)). Acid-fast bacillus smears and mycobacterial cultures were attempted for all cases, resulting in 33% (10/30) with smear positivity and 50% (15/30) with culture positivity. Conclusions: Post-primary tuberculosis in children has no specific clinical manifestations. Imaging of chest CT is mainly manifested as nodular shadow with cavitation, consolidation or bronchogenic spread. Accurate identification of post-primary tuberculosis is crucial for preventing the spread and early treatment of tuberculosis.

Impacto de la pandemia COVID-19 sobre el programa de tuberculosis infantil / Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the child tuberculosis program

Las pandemias siempre han perturbado los sistemas de atención de salud, incluida la prevención y el control de enfermedades endémicas. Esta alteración ha dado lugar a un aumento de la carga de enfermedad en los períodos posteriores a una pandemia. La crisis de salud y económica creada por la actual pandemia COVID-19, así como las medidas de salud pública para detener su propagación, pueden tener un impacto en la transmisión, diagnóstico, tratamiento, prevención y control de la tuberculosis (TBC). Los niños son un grupo vulnerable especialmente propenso a sufrir parte del daño. Es necesario recuperar cuanto antes las actividades de pesquisa, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la TBC de manera de disminuir el impacto que la pandemia por Covid19 tendrá en la morbimortalidad por TBC.

Pandemics have always disrupted health care systems, including the prevention and control of endemic diseases. This alteration has led to an increased burden of disease in the aftermath of a pandemic. The health and economic crisis created by the current COVID-19 pandemic, as well as public health measures to stop its spread, may have an impact on the transmission, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of tuberculosis. Children are a vulnerable group especially prone to suffering as part of the harm. It is necessary to recover as soon as possible the activities of investigation, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in order to reduce the impact that the Covid19 pandemic will have on TB morbidity and mortality.

Cord factor producer Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. bolletii in asymptomatic immunocompetent host sputa samples

Abstract We report a case of Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. bolletii colonization in upper respiratory tract of an immunocompetent patient, who was misdiagnosed as tuberculosis by Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) and cord factor formation observed directly from the sputa culture in liquid medium. This fact reflected a significant impact on the individual case's life and showed the importance to identify the mycobacteria isolated from clinical sample at species level, and to determine the true implication of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) detected in clinical samples.

Tuberculosis en tiempos de COVID-19: situación de la tuberculosis pediátrica en Uruguay en 2020 / Tuberculosis in times of COVID-19: pediatric tuberculosis in Uruguay in 2020 / Tuberculose em tempos de COVID-19: situação da tuberculose pediátrica no Uruguai em 2020

Introducción: la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) alertó sobre el riesgo de descuidar acciones de control de la tuberculosis (TB) durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Objetivos: describir la situación de la TB en menores de 15 años en Uruguay en 2020, y compararla con 2019. Describir estrategias del Programa Nacional de Tuberculosis (PNT) para mitigar el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de menores de 15 años con TB en Uruguay entre 1/1/2020 y 31/12/2020. Datos patronímicos, diagnóstico clínico y bacteriológico, tratamiento y estudio de contactos; indicadores epidemiológicos de 2019. Se calculó tasa de incidencia, frecuencias y porcentajes. Se seleccionaron estrategias del PNT dirigidas o que impactan directamente en la atención pediátrica. Resultados: en 2020, se registraron 61 casos de TB en menores de 15 años. Tasa de incidencia 8,8/100.000. Presentaron TB pediátrica 6,3% del total de casos (61/968), y en 2019 3,9% (42/1057). Formas pulmonares 84% y extrapulmonares 16%. Confirmación bacteriológica: 25%. No hubo fallecidos en 2020 y hubo uno en 2019. Contactos: en 2020 disminuyó 11% la notificación; se estudió al 86%, se indicó quimioprofilaxis al 73%. Aumento significativo de contactos en menores 15 años enfermos (2,4% 2019 y 5% 2020). Estrategias del PNT: 1) Diagnóstico: uso de GeneXpert Ultra; 2) Tratamiento: supervisión por video (VOT); 3) Contactos: se priorizó a menores de 15 años adecuando protocolo de estudio. Conclusiones: en 2020 se mantuvieron las acciones de control de la TB en la población pediátrica. Aumentó la incidencia de TB en menores de 15 años. Los niños y adolescentes fueron priorizados en el diagnóstico (técnicas más sensibles) y estudio de contactos.

Summary: Introduction: the WHO warned about the risk of neglecting tuberculosis (TB) control actions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objectives: describe the TB situation in children <15 years of age in Uruguay in 2020, and compare it with 2019. Describe strategies of the National Tuberculosis Program (NTP) to mitigate the impact of the COVID 19 pandemic. Material and methods: descriptive, retrospective study of children <15 years of age with TB in Uruguay 1/1/2020 - 12/31/2020. Patronymic data, clinical and bacteriological diagnosis, treatment and study of contacts; epidemiological indicators of 2019. Incidence rate, frequency and percentages were calculated. NTP strategies aimed at or directly impacting pediatric care were selected. Results: in 2020, 61 cases of TB in children < 15 years. Incidence rate 8.8/100,000. Pediatric TB 6.3% of total cases (61/968), and in 2019 3.9% (42/1057). Pulmonary forms 84% and extrapulmonary 16%. Bacteriological confirmation: 25%. No deaths in 2020 and 1 in 2019. Contacts: in 2020 the notification decreased by 11%; 86% were studied, 73% chemoprophylaxis. Significant increase in infected contacts < 15(2.4% 2019 and 5% 2020). NTP strategies: 1- Diagnosis: use of GeneXpert Ultra; 2- Treatment: video surveillance (VOT); 3- Contacts: children of <15 years were prioritized, adapting the study protocol. Conclusions: in 2020, the TB control actions were maintained in the pediatric population. The incidence of TB increased in children <15 years of age. Children and adolescents were prioritized in diagnosis (more sensitive techniques) and contact studies.

Introdução: a OMS alertou sobre o risco de negligenciar as ações de controle da tuberculose (TB) durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Objetivos: descrever a situação da TB em <15 anos no Uruguai 2020 e comparar com 2019. Descrever as estratégias do Programa Nacional de Tuberculose (PNT) para mitigar o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19. Metodologia: estudo descritivo retrospectivo de <15 anos com TB no Uruguai 01/01/2020 - 31/12/2020. Dados patronímicos, diagnóstico clínico e bacteriológico, tratamento e estudo de contatos; indicadores epidemiológicos de 2019. Calculou-se a taxa de incidência, frequência e percentuais. Estratégias de PNT destinadas ou impactando diretamente os cuidados pediátricos foram selecionadas Resultados: em 2020, 61 casos de TB em crianças <15 anos. Taxa de incidência 8,8/100.000. TB pediátrica 6,3% do total de casos (61/968), e em 2019 3,9% (42/1057). Formas pulmonares 84% e extrapulmonares 16%. Confirmação bacteriológica: 25%. Não houve falecidos em 2020 e 1 em 2019. Contatos: em 2020 a notificação diminuiu 11%; 86% foram estudados, 73% quimioprofilaxia. Aumento significativo de contatos infetados < 15 pacientes (2,4% 2019 e 5% 2020). Estratégias de NTP: 1- Diagnóstico: uso do GeneXpert Ultra; 2- Tratamento: supervisão por vídeo (VOT); 3- Contatos: <15 anos foram priorizados, adaptando o protocolo do estudo. Conclusões: em 2020, as ações de controle da TB foram mantidas na população pediátrica. A incidência de TB aumentou em <15 anos. Crianças e adolescentes foram priorizados no diagnóstico (técnicas mais sensíveis) e no estudo de contatos.

Magnitude entre a acessibilidade, espaço de tempo e o diagnóstico da tuberculose / Magnitud entre la accesibilidad, el espacio de tiempo y el diagnóstico de la tuberculosis / Magnitude between accessibility, time period, and tuberculosis diagnosis

Resumo Objetivo Analisar, na perspectiva dos portadores de tuberculose, a relação entre a acessibilidade ao sistema de saúde, o espaço de tempo e a realização do diagnóstico. Métodos Estudo analítico, correlacional, com delineamento transversal, realizado com 105 portadores de tuberculose atendidos na Atenção Primária à Saúde e no Serviço de Referência Especializado de um município prioritário mineiro. A análise de correspondência múltipla foi utilizada para identificar a associação entre os componentes da acessibilidade ao sistema de saúde, o espaço de tempo e a realização do diagnóstico da tuberculose. Resultados Observou-se associação temporal com o retardo no diagnóstico da tuberculose, com relação direta do serviço de primeira escolha do paciente, sendo os hospitais os locais que realizavam o diagnóstico em tempo oportuno, revelando baixa resolutividade dos serviços de atenção primária para as ações de controle da doença, no que se refere, principalmente, à identificação dos sintomáticos respiratórios. Conclusão Os achados destacam a urgência na reorganização dos serviços de atenção à tuberculose, fortalecendo a descentralização das ações para a Atenção Primária à Saúde, com enfoque na identificação precoce dos sintomáticos respiratórios e garantia de acessibilidade aos serviços de saúde, a fim de minimizar os impactos da extensão temporal no diagnóstico precoce.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar, bajo la perspectiva de los portadores de tuberculosis, la relación entre la accesibilidad al sistema de salud, el espacio de tiempo y la realización del diagnóstico. Métodos Estudio analítico, correlacional, con diseño transversal, realizado con 105 portadores de tuberculosis atendidos en la Atención Primaria de Salud y en el Servicio de Referencia Especializado de un municipio prioritario del estado de Minas Gerais. El análisis de correspondencia múltiple fue utilizado para identificar la relación entre los componentes de la accesibilidad al sistema de salud, el espacio de tiempo y la realización del diagnóstico de tuberculosis. Resultados Se observó asociación temporal con el retraso del diagnóstico de la tuberculosis, con relación directa del servicio de primera opción del paciente, de los cuales los hospitales era el lugar que se realizaba el diagnóstico a su debido tiempo, lo que revela una baja resolución de problemas de los servicios de atención primaria para las acciones de control de la enfermedad, principalmente respecto a la identificación de los sintomáticos respiratorios. Conclusión Los resultados señalan la urgencia de reorganizar los servicios de atención de tuberculosis y fortalecer la descentralización de las acciones hacia la Atención Primaria de Salud, con enfoque en la identificación temprana de los sintomáticos respiratorios y garantía de accesibilidad a los servicios de salud a fin de minimizar los impactos de la extensión temporal del diagnóstico temprano.

Abstract Objective To analyze, from the perspective of tuberculosis patients, the relationship between accessibility to the health system, time period, and diagnosis. Methods This is an analytical, correlational study with a cross-sectional design was carried out with 105 tuberculosis patients treated in Primary Healthcare and in the Specialized Reference Service of a priority municipality in Minas Gerais. Multiple correspondence analysis was used to identify the association between the components of accessibility to the health system, time period, and tuberculosis diagnosis. Results A temporal association was observed with the delay in tuberculosis diagnosis, with a direct relationship between patients' first choice service, and hospitals were the places that gave diagnosis in a timely manner, revealing low resolution of primary care services for disease control actions, especially regarding the identification of respiratory symptoms. Conclusion The findings highlight the urgency in the reorganization of tuberculosis care services, strengthening the decentralization of actions for Primary Healthcare, focusing on the early identification of respiratory symptoms and ensuring accessibility to healthcare services, in order to minimize the impacts of temporal extension on early diagnosis.

Impacto da implantação do teste rápido molecular para a tuberculose no Brasil / Impact of roll out of rapid molecular test for tuberculosis in Brazil

Introdução: A tuberculose (TB) ainda se apresenta como um grave problema de saúde pública no mundo, com mais de 10 milhões de casos e 1,3 milhão de mortes anualmente. Em 2020, no Brasil, foram notificados 66.819 casos novos de TB, e aproximadamente 913 casos de TB drogarresistente. Cerca de 4.500 pessoas vão a óbito, anualmente, por TB no país. Com as tecnologias atuais, a melhor estratégia para controlar a transmissão e reduzir a incidência da TB é o diagnóstico e tratamento dos casos pulmonares bacilíferos, associados ao diagnóstico e tratamento da infecção latente. O Brasil incorporou, em 2014, o teste rápido molecular (TRM), recomendando-o como estratégia inicial para diagnóstico da TB e detecção da resistência à rifampicina (TB-RR). A presente tese buscou descrever e analisar o impacto da implantação do teste rápido molecular para tuberculose sobre os indicadores programáticos para o controle da tuberculose no Brasil, e o efeito do teste rápido molecular no início do tratamento em casos de tuberculose resistentes à rifampicina e/ou multidrogarresistente. Métodos: foram realizados estudos observacionais, com dados secundários. O primeiro, trata-se de um estudo ecológico cujas unidades de análise foram os municípios que compõe a rede de teste rápido molecular para TB (RTR-TB), e foram analisados os indicadores da TB antes e depois do início de utilização do TRM. Foi utilizada a modelagem de séries temporais interrompidas pela Regressão de Prais-Winsten. O segundo estudo teve como desenho uma coorte retrospectiva, tomando o indivíduo como unidade de análise. Foi utilizado o método de análise de sobrevida para avaliar o efeito do TRM sobre o tempo entre o diagnóstico e o início do tratamento dos casos novos de TB-RR / TB-MDR. A Regressão de Cox foi utilizada para estimação dos riscos proporcionais. Resultados: no período estudado, a RTR-TB consumiu um total de 1.756.358 cartuchos de TRM, sendo 1.734.935 testes realizados. A notificação de casos novos de TB na série histórica trimestral de janeiro de 2010 a junho de 2014 apresentou tendência estacionária. Após a implantação do TRM-TB, verificou-se uma tendência de aumento médio da ordem de 0,5% (IC 95%: 0,13 - 0,87) de casos novos, por trimestre, e em todo o período pós-intervenção, houve um incremento de 8.241 casos novos de TB nos municípios da RTR-TB, um aumento de 15% (IC 95%: 10,71 - 19,46) no nível de confirmação laboratorial dos casos novos de TB, e uma queda de 8,42% (IC 95%: -15,61 - -0,62) na realização de baciloscopia. Entre 2014 e 2019, 2.071 casos de TB-RR / TB-MDR tiveram o diagnóstico da resistência por meio do TRM, e 1.592 por meio do TSA. Após a incorporação do TRM, houve uma redução no tempo médio de início do tratamento da resistência em 89 dias (p-valor < 0,0001), quando comparado ao TSA. Indivíduos diagnosticados pelo TRM apresentam maior probabilidade de iniciar o tratamento da TB-DR mais precocemente quando comparado aos indivíduos diagnosticados pelo TSA, e essa diferença é mais acentuada até os primeiros 60 dias após o diagnóstico. Indivíduos diagnosticados pelo TSA apresentaram probabilidade 78% menor de iniciar o tratamento nos primeiros 30 dias após o diagnóstico da resistência quanto comparado aos indivíduos diagnosticados pelo TRM (HRadj: 0,22; IC95%: 0,13 - 0,36), e 49% menor probabilidade de iniciar o tratamento nos primeiros seis meses após o diagnóstico quando comparado aos indivíduos diagnosticados pelo TRM (HRadj: 0,51; IC95%: 0,39 - 0,62). Conclusões: o TRM apresentou, de forma global, impacto positivo nas estratégias de controle da TB do Brasil, reestruturando a rede de diagnóstico da doença, aumentando a confirmação laboratorial, e diminuindo o tempo entre o diagnóstico e o início do tratamento da TB-RR / TB-MDR. A incorporação do TRM no SUS propiciou um diagnóstico da doença mais rápido e com maior sensibilidade, viabilizando um diagnóstico muito mais oportuno da TB-RR / TB-MDR, e encurtando o tempo para início do tratamento da TB resistente. A ampliação do diagnóstico rápido molecular por TRM para os municípios que ainda não compõe a RTR-TB podem contribuir para um melhor controle da TB no país.

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) still is as a serious public health problem in the world, with more than 10 million cases and 1.3 million deaths annually. In 2020, in Brazil, 66.819 new cases of TB and approximately 913 cases of drug-resistant TB were notified. About 4,500 persons die annually from TB in the country. With the current technologies available, the best strategies to control the transmission and to reduce the TB incidence is the diagnosis and treatment of the bacilliferous pulmonary cases, associated with the diagnosis and treatment of latent infection. In 2014, Brazil has incorporated the rapid molecular test (TRM), recommending it as an initial strategy for diagnosing TB and detecting rifampicin resistance (TB-RR). The present thesis describes and analyses the impact of the roll out of the TRM for TB on the programmatic indicators for TB control in Brazil, and the effect of the TRM in the beginning of the treatment in cases of tuberculosis resistant to rifampicin and/or multidrugresistent. Methods: observational studies were performed with routine data. The first study was an ecological study whose units of analysis were the municipalities that make up the rapid molecular testing network for TB (RTR-TB), and TB indicators were analyzed before and after the beginning of TRM use. The modeling of time series interrupted by the Prais-Winsten Regression was used. The second study was a retrospective cohort, whose the individual was the unit of analysis. The survival analysis method was used to assess the effect of TRM on the time between diagnosis and initiation of treatment of new cases of RR-TB / MDR-TB. Cox regression was used to estimate proportional hazards. Results: in the period studied, the RTR-TB consumed a total of 1,756,358 TRM cartridges, with 1,734,935 tests performed. The notification of new TB cases in the quarterly historical series from January 2010 to June 2014 showed a stationary trend. After the implementation of the TRM-TB, there was a trend towards an average increase of around 0.5% (95% CI: 0.13 - 0.87) of new cases, per quarter-year, and throughout the post-intervention period, there was an increase of 8,241 new TB cases in the municipalities of RTR-TB, a 15% increase (95% CI: 10.71 - 19.46) in the level of laboratory confirmation of new TB cases, and a decrease of 8.42% (95% CI: -15.61 - -0.62) in performing smear microscopy. Between 2014 and 2019, 2,071 RR-TB/MDR-TB cases were diagnosed with resistance through TRM, and 1,592 through TSA. After the incorporation of TRM, there was a reduction in the mean time of initiation of resistance treatment by 89 days (p-value < 0.0001), when compared to TSA. Individuals diagnosed by TRM are more likely to start DR-TB treatment earlier when compared to individuals diagnosed by TSA, and this difference is more accentuated up to the first 60 days after diagnosis. Persons diagnosed by TSA were 78% less likely to start the treatment in the first 30 days after the diagnosis of resistance when compared to those diagnosed by TRM (HRadj: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.13 - 0.36), and 49% lower probability of starting the treatment in the first six months after the diagnosis when compared to those diagnosed by TRM (HRadj: 0.51; 95%CI: 0.39 - 0.62). Conclusions: Overall, the TRM had a positive impact on TB control strategies in Brazil, restructuring the disease diagnosis network, increasing laboratory confirmation, and reducing the time between diagnosis and initiation of TB-RR / TB-MDR treatment. The incorporation of TRM into the Public Health System in Brazil provided a faster and more sensitive diagnosis of the disease, enabling a much more timely diagnosis of RR-TB / MDR-TB, and shortening the time to start treatment for resistant TB. The expansion of rapid molecular diagnosis by TRM to municipalities that are not yet part of the RTR-TB may contribute to better control of the disease in the country.

Diversidad genética de Mycobacterium tuberculosis circulando en la jurisdicción V de Jalapa, Veracruz, México / Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis circulating in the jurisdiction V from Jalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

ANTECEDENTES: El estado de Veracruz se ubica en el sureste de México y presenta una alta prevalencia de tuberculosis (TBC) y drogo resistencia. Sin embargo, la composición de los genotipos circulantes es poco conocida. OBJETIVO: Caracterizar la diversidad genética de la TBC en la jurisdicción sanitaria V del estado de Veracruz. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal realizado en aislados clínicos de pacientes con TBC residentes de la jurisdicción V. Se determinó la sensibilidad a medicamentos de primera línea. La genotipificación se realizó mediante espoligotipificación y MIRU-VNTR 15 loci. RESULTADOS: Entre los 74 aislados analizados se observó resistencia a un fármaco en 44 (59%) aislados. Linaje L4 (EuroAmericano) se presentó en 73 aislados. Se identificaron cinco sublinajes; H (40%), T (22%), LAM (16%), X (13%) y U (7%). El 32% de los aislados se agrupó mediante su espoligotipo y 40% en 10 complejos clonales. CONCLUSIONES: Es la primera descripción sobre la estructura genética de TBC en la región central de Veracruz. La diversidad de genotipos podría contribuir a su dispersión en la región. Esta información será útil para el desarrollo de intervenciones y reducir el impacto de TBC en la población.

BACKGROUND: The state of Veracruz is placed in southeastern Mexico and has a high prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) and drug resistance. Nevertheless, the composition of circulating genotypes in the central region of the state is partially known. AIM: To characterize the genetic diversity of TB in the sanitary jurisdiction V of the state of Veracruz. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among clinical isolates from patients with TB living in the jurisdiction V, in Jalapa Ver., Mexico. Sensitivity to first-line drugs was determined, and genotyping was performed by spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR 15 loci. RESULTS: Among the 74 isolates analyzed, resistance to one drug was observed in 44 isolates. L4 (EuroAmerican) was the major lineage identified. Five sublineages were the most abundant; H (40%), T (22%), LAM (16%), X (13%) and U (7%). Only 32% of the isolates were clustered by spoligotype and 40% were placed in ten clonal complexes. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first description of the genetic structure of TB in the central region of Veracruz. The diversity of genotypes could contribute to its dispersion. This information will be useful for the development of interventions to reduce the impact of TB in the population.

Biomarcadores en tuberculosis / Biomarkers in tuberculosis

Resumen Los métodos diagnósticos clásicos para la tuberculosis son de baja sensibilidad o son muy lentos en la obtención de resultados (baciloscopía, cultivo de Koch). De ahí nace la necesidad de nuevos métodos diagnósticos para esta enfermedad. Los biomarcadores surgen como una opción a esta problemática, con un buen rendimiento diagnóstico, costo y accesibilidad. Ellos permiten identificar la respuesta inflamatoria y/o metabólica del huésped, extrapolando la presencia de Mycobacterium tuberculosis; o identifican moléculas propias del patógeno. En la presente revisión se describen biomarcadores que presentan un buen rendimiento diagnóstico basados en metodologías de investigación de alto nivel (estudio de cohortes, prospectivos, muestreo consecutivo o aleatorizado, comparación de rendimiento diagnóstico frente a cultivo). Es necesario el desarrollo de estas nuevas técnicas con el fin de realizar el diagnóstico precoz de la enfermedad y lograr así su tan ansiada eliminación.

The classical laboratory diagnostic methods for tuberculosis have a low sensitivity or take a long time to know their results. New methods are underway. Biomarkers are a good option to improve our diagnostic approach to this disease. They have good performance, low cost and accessibility. They identify a patient's inflammatory or metabolic response to Mycobacterium Tuberculosis or identifies molecules that are typical of the pathogen. In this paper we sum up the biomarkers with a good diag-nostic performance described in well design investigations. Early diagnosis with these new techniques should contribute to the elimination of the disease.

Características clínico-epidemiológicas de la tuberculósis en el Distrito Central, Honduras, 2016 / Clinical-epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis in of Distrito Central, Honduras, 2016

En 2014, Honduras reportó una incidencia acumulada de tuberculosis de 43/100 000 habitantes, ocupando el octavo lugar entre los países de las Américas. Objetivo: identificar las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de pacientes con tuberculosis en el Municipio del Distrito Central, registrados en 2016. Material y Métodos: estudio tr ansver sal, que incluyó los casos de tuberculosis captados en los establecimientos de salud de la Región Sanitaria Metropolitana del Distrito Central, en 2016. Se utilizó la base de datos que contenía 296 casos de tuberculosis, registrados en la ficha de notificación oficial. Una cantidad fluctuante de registros no tenían datos completos, usándose diferentes denominadores para ciertas variables. El análisis se hizo con Microsoft Excel 2010 y Epi Info 7.2. Resultados: los casos nuevos de tuberculosis fueron 280, para una incidencia de 21.2/100 000 habitantes. De 292 casos, 207(70.9%) tenían entre 19-59 años de edad, 170 (57.4%) eran varones; 22(7.5%) tenían condición de riesgo, de los cuales 13(59.1%) eran privados de libertad. De 295 casos con datos de diagnóstico, 182 (61.5%) tenían baciloscopia en hospitales, 216(73.2%) presentaron tuberculosis pulmonar y 78(26.8%) formas extra pulmonares, las localizaciones más frecuentes; ganglios cervicales, pleura y meníngea. 280(94.6%) casos recibían tratamiento por primera vez y 16(5.4%) habían recibido algún tratamiento antituberculoso previo, 145 casos presentaron otras condiciones mórbidas, las más frecuentes fueron: VIH 39(26.9%), e hipertensión arterial 35(24.1%). Conclusiones: por su alta incidencia, la tuberculosis es un problema prioritario de salud pública en la Región Metropolitana del Distrito Central, más frecuente en hombres y en la población económicamente activa, predominó la localización pulmonar y la coinfección con VIH fue elevada. Los privados de libertad constituyeron más de la mitad de los casos en condición de riesgo...(AU)

La Unidad Febril de Urgencias del Hospital Muñiz frente a COVID-19, HIV y tuberculosis / The Febrile Emergency Unit at Muñiz Hospital facing COVID-19, HIV and tuberculosis

Resumen Para hacer frente a la pandemia causada por el SARS CoV-2, en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires se establecieron Unidades Febriles de Urgencias anexas a los hospitales de alta compleji dad. Se realizó un estudio observacional y retrospectivo con el objeto de evaluar el perfil de las personas que consultaron durante el período comprendido entre las semanas epidemiológicas 28 y 42, 2020. Se recibieron 12 571 consultas, el promedio de edad fue 38.2 años y 6801 (54.1%) pacientes eran varones. Se realizaron 9501 hisopados (RT-PCR para SARS-CoV-2) y 2499 (26.3%) fueron confirmados positivos. La edad media de los confirmados para COVID-19 fue 37.9 años, 1367 (54.7%) eran varones y 143 (5.7%) requirieron internación en la primera consulta. Tantos como 6097 (48.5%) participantes contaban con obra social o medicina prepaga. Consultaron solo 160 pacientes con HIV, se diagnosticó coinfección HIV/COVID-19 en 39/160 (24.4%) infectados con HIV y requirieron internación 9/39 (23.1%) coinfectados. Consultaron 128 pacientes con tuberculosis (TB), se diagnosticó coinfección TB/COVID-19 en 31/128 (24.2%) y requirieron internación 8/31 (25.8%) coinfectados. La triple asociación HIV/TB/COVID-19 fue constatada en 2 pacientes. Contrariamente a lo esperado, las dos principales enfermedades atendidas en el hospital, TB y HIV, estuvieron poco representadas en la consulta, pero el requerimiento de internación para los coinfectados fue elevado. Esto puede deberse a consulta tardía por restricciones de movilidad y asistencia durante la cuarentena. Nuestros datos también indican que el sector público de la ciudad debió absorber demanda insatisfecha del sector privado.

Abstract Febrile Emergency Units were annexed to tertiary hospitals to face the pandemic caused by SARS CoV-2 in Buenos Aires City. We performed a retrospective observational study in order to evaluate the profile of people consulting the Unit annexed to the Muñiz Hospital, during the period comprising epidemiological weeks 28 to 42, 2020. The total number of consultations was 12 571; 6801 (54.1%) patients were male, and the average age was 38 years. A total of 2499 (26.3 %) of 9501 swabs resulted positive for SARS-CoV-2 when analyzed by RT-PCR. The average age of confirmed COVID-19 patients was 37.9 years; 1367 (54.7%) were male and 143 (5.7%) required hospitalization at the first consultation. As many as 6097 (48.5%) participants were beneficiaries of social security or prepaid medicine. Only 160 (1.3%) were HIV positive, with COVID-19 coinfection diagnosed in 39/160 (24.4%), of which 9 (23.1%) required hospitalization. Only 128 (1%) had tuberculosis (TB); TB/CO VID-19 coinfection was diagnosed in 31 of them (24.2%), and 8/31 (25.8%) required hospitalization. The triple association HIV/TB /COVID-19 was reported in only 2 patients. Contrary to expectations, TB and HIV, the two main diseases treated in our hospital, were under-represented in this Emergency Unit, but the requirement of hospitalization for coinfected patients was quite frequent. This may be due to late consultation caused by mobility and assistance restrictions during quarantine. Interestingly, our data also indicate that the city's public sector had to absorb unsatisfied demand from the private sector and suburban population.

Cost-effectiveness of Xpert®MTB/RIF in the diagnosis of tuberculosis: pragmatic study

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The intensification of research and innovation with the creation of networks of rapid and effective molecular tests as strategies for the end of tuberculosis are essential to avoid late diagnosis and for the eradication of the disease. We aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of Xpert®MTB/RIF (Xpert) in the diagnosis of drug-resistant tuberculosis in reference units, in scenarios with and without subsidies, and the respective cost adjustment for today. METHODS: The analyses were performed considering as criterion of effectiveness, negative culture or clinical improvement in the sixth month of follow-up. The comparison was performed using two diagnostic strategies for the drug susceptibility test (DST), BactecTMMGITTM960 System, versus Xpert. The cost effectiveness and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) were calculated and dollar-corrected for American inflation (US$ 1.00 = R$ 5,29). RESULTS: Subsidized Xpert had the lowest cost of US$ 33.48 (R$67,52) and the highest incremental average efficiency (13.57), thus being a dominated analysis. After the inflation was calculated, the mean cost was DST-MGIT=US$ 74.85 (R$ 396,73) and Xpert = US$ 37.33 (R$197,86) with subsidies. CONCLUSIONS: The Xpert in the diagnosis of TB-DR in these reference units was cost-effective with subsidies. In the absence of a subsidy, Xpert in TB-DR is not characterized as cost effective. This factor reveals the vulnerability of countries dependent on international organizations' subsidy policies.

Clinical Status and Research Progress of Tuberculous Peritonitis / 中国医学科学院学报

Tuberculous peritonitis(TBP)is currently one of the common manifestations of extrapulmonary tuberculosis.Due to the atypical clinical features,diverse types of diseases to be distinguished,and limited detection methods,TBP is difficult to be diagnosed and the fatality caused by delayed diagnosis increases significantly.We studied the current research status of TBP and found that T cells spot test,abdominal CT,and laparoscopic biopsy were of high diagnostic value for TBP.However,the application of ascites Xpert-MTB/RIF-ultra assay,ascites ADA,and whole-body positron emission tomography/computed tomography remained to be studied.Serum CA125 helps to judge the efficacy of anti-tuberculosis treatment.