ABSTRACT
Objetivos: Determinar la predisposición a recibir esta vacuna contra SARS-CoV-2. Materiales y métodos: Se aplicó un diseño observacional de corte transversal en la población adulta del Paraguay entre mayo y octubre 2022. se aplicó el cuestionario de Kotta et al previamente validado, el cual fue difundido por redes sociales. Resultados: Se incluyeron 303 encuestados, con edad media 34 ± 12 años y predominio del sexo femenino (64,0%). En la muestra, 51,8% padeció COVID-19 y 97,3% ya recibió al menos una dosis de la vacuna. Se detectó que 58,4% aceptada la vacuna, 17,8% vacilaba en recibirla y 23,7% la rechazaba. La aceptación fue más frecuente en los varones (p 0,05). Conclusión: En el momento epidemiológico de disponibilidad universal de la vacuna y habiendo aún sujetos afectados por COVID-19, el rechazo a la misma fue 23,7%.
Objectives: To determine the predisposition to receive this vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Materials and methods: An observational cross-sectional design was applied in the adult population of Paraguay between May and October 2022. The previously validated questionnaire of Kotta et al was applied, which was disseminated through social networks. Results: 303 respondents were included, with a mean age of 34 ± 12 years and predominance of the female sex (64.0%). In the sample, 51.8% suffered from COVID-19 and 97.3% have already received at least one dose of the vaccine. It was detected that 58.4% accepted the vaccine, 17.8% hesitated to receive it and 23.7% rejected it. Acceptance was more frequent in males (p 0.05). Conclusion: At the epidemiological moment of universal availability of the vaccine and with subjects still affected by COVID-19, rejection of it was 23.7%.
Subject(s)
SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19 , Vaccines , Surveys and Questionnaires , Dosage , Goals , MethodsABSTRACT
La Dirección de Inmunizaciones, es una dirección especializada del Ministerio de Salud de El Salvador, que tiene asignada la rectoría de todos los aspectos relacionados a la vacunación e inmunización de la población salvadoreña. Esta Dirección es el resultado de una acción conjunta entre los países de la Región de las Américas y de organismos internacionales como la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), su interés es contribuir con acciones tendientes a lograr coberturas universales de vacunación, con el fin de disminuir las tasas de mortalidad y morbilidad causadas por las enfermedades inmunoprevenibles y está sujeta conforme a la Ley de Vacunas. En este sentido y para documentar la organización y funcionamiento de dicha Dirección, se ha elaborado el presente manual como un instrumento técnico normativo de gestión institucional, en el cual se integra la organización y funcionamiento de las diferentes dependencias que lo componen, se describen y establecen los objetivos generales y específicos, las relaciones de autoridad y dependencia de cada ambiente, así como las relaciones de trabajo internas y externas. Tiene el propósito de identificar con claridad las funciones de cada una de las áreas administrativas que la integran, evitar la duplicidad de funciones, conocer las líneas de comunicación y de mando; permitiendo así contar con un instrumento técnico administrativo integrado, que sirva de referencia y consulta a todo el personal laborando en la institución
The Immunization Directorate is a specialized department of the Ministry of Health of El Salvador, who is assigned the rectory of all aspects related to vaccination and immunization of the Salvadoran population. This Address is the result of an action collaboration between the countries of the Region of the Americas and international organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO), its interest is to contribute with actions aimed at achieving universal vaccination coverage, in order to reduce the rates of mortality and morbidity caused by vaccine preventable diseases and is subject to according to the Vaccination Law. In this sense and to document the organization and operation of said Directorate, has prepared this manual as a regulatory technical management instrument institution, which integrates the organization and operation of the different dependencies that compose it, describe and establish the general objectives and specific, the relationships of authority and dependency of each environment, as well as the internal and external working relationships. Its purpose is to clearly identify the functions of each of the areas that integrate it, avoid duplication of functions, know the lines of communication and command; thus allowing to have a technical administrative instrument integrated, that serves as a reference and consults all the personnel working in the institution
Subject(s)
Immunization , Manuals as Topic , Population , Vaccines , Vaccination , El Salvador , Vaccination CoverageABSTRACT
Objective.In the context of the global COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19 vaccines were made available to different countries. This study aimed to assess travelers' attitudes and practices toward the COVID vaccine and adverse events. Methods. A survey was conducted using a questionnaire from April 1 to June 30, 2021, among travelers who came for their COVID-19 test at the Institut Pasteur of Côte d'Ivoire.Results. A total of 527 travelers agreed to participate in this study, including 336 men and 161 women. Overall, 26% of respondents had already received their COVID-19 vaccine, while 76% of respondents responded they did not want to be vaccinated. The age of those most vaccinated (116) ranged from 25 to 64 years with a small proportion for those over 65 years (0.8%). Travelers (41) to France were the most vaccinated. All vaccinated persons (135) had a high level of education and were either Christian (89 persons), Muslim (45 persons) or animist (1 person). Adverse events related to the COVID vaccination were reported in seven individuals. These included muscle pain, fever and nausea. Conclusion.Negative attitudes towards vaccines are a major public health concern. In view of these results, for awareness raising, vaccination campaign may be focused on youthand people over 65 years of age. Public health messages containing information about vaccine safety should be tailored to address this vaccine hesitancy
Subject(s)
Humans , Vaccines , COVID-19 , Weights and Measures , Dams , Sanitary Control of TravelersABSTRACT
Background: Ebola Virus causes disease both in human and non-human primatesespecially in developing countries. In 2014 during its outbreak, it led to majority of deaths especially in some impoverished area of West Africa and its effect is still witnessed up till date. Materials and Methods:We studied the spread of Ebola virus and obtained a system of equations comprising of eighteen equations which completely described the transmission of Ebola Virus ina population where control measures were incorporated and a major source of contacting the disease which is the traditional washing of dead bodies was also incorporated. We investigated the local stability of the disease-free equilibrium using the Jacobian Matrix approach and the disease-endemic stability using the center manifold theorem. We also investigated the global stability of the equilibrium points using the LaSalle's Invariant principle.Results: The result showed that the disease-free and endemic equilibrium where both local and globally stable and that the system exhibits a forward bifurcation.Conclusions: Numerical simulations were carried out and our graphs show that vaccine and condom use is best for susceptible population, quarantine is best for exposed population, isolation is best for infectious population and proper burial of the diseased dead is the best to avoid further disease spread in the population and have quicker and better recovery.
Subject(s)
Vaccines , Disease Transmission, Infectious , Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola , Models, Theoretical , QuarantineABSTRACT
The current monkeypox outbreak is a public health emergency of international concern and is coming in the wake of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Human monkeypox is a viral zoonotic infection caused by monkeypox virus, an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus of the genus Orthopoxvirus and family Poxviridae that also contain smallpox, cowpox, Orf, and vaccinia viruses. Online databases including PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science were searched to obtain relevant publications on the epidemiology, treatment, vaccines and the economic impacts of the current monkeypox (Mpox) outbreak.
Subject(s)
Therapeutics , Vaccines , Epidemiology , Monkeypox virus , Economic Factors , Orthopoxvirus , Monkeypox , Diagnosis , NigeriaABSTRACT
Background: COVID-19 vaccine is one of the most effective public health intervention approaches for prevention of COVID-19. Despite its well-known efficacy and safety, significant proportion of frontline COVID-19 healthcare workers remain hesitant about accepting the vaccine for whatever reasons. This study aimed to determine acceptance rate and determinants of vaccine refusal among doctors in Cross River State, Nigeria. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional survey of doctors using structured online questionnaire administered via the WhatsApp platform of the medical doctors' association, in order to assess their rate of acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines, and reasons for vaccine refusal. The predictors of vaccine acceptance were analysed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results: Of the 443 medical doctors targeted on the WhatsApp platform, 164 responded to the questionnaire survey, giving a response rate of 37.0% (164/443). The mean age of the respondents is 38 ±6.28 years, 91 (55.5%) are 38 years old and above, 97 (59.1%) are males and 67 (40.9%) are females, giving a male-to-female ratio of 1.4:1. The greater proportion of the respondents are physicians (70/148, 47.3%) and about three-quarter of the participants (127/164, 77.4%) had received COVID-19 vaccine. The proportion of physicians who had received COVID-19 vaccine (57/70, 81.4%) was more than the proportion of general practitioners (31/42, 73.8%) and surgeons (24/35, 68.6%). Low perceived benefit of vaccination was the main reason given for COVID-19 vaccine refusal (45.9%, 17/37). No significant association was found between vaccine refusal and suspected predictors (p>0.05). Conclusion: Our study revealed high rate of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among medical doctors especially among the physicians, with the surgeons showing lowest acceptance rate. A significant proportion would not take vaccine because they perceived it lacks much benefits. To raise vaccine acceptance among doctors, more efforts on vaccine literacy that would target doctors from all sub-specialties especially surgeons and incorporate vaccine benefits should be made.
Subject(s)
Humans , Public Health Administration , Vaccines , Pharmacological Phenomena , COVID-19 VaccinesABSTRACT
Objetivo: analisar a realidade dos adolescentes brasileiros no contexto do papilomavírus humano, bem como dissertar sobre as atuais formas de prevenção encontradas para essa doença e como estas têm sido utilizadas. Método: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, alicerçada em três bases de dados, LILACS, ScIELO e BDENF, buscando priorizar as publicações mais recentes e mais relevantes para o andamento e fundamentação do estudo. Resultados: foram escolhidos 9 artigos que estão relacionados com o tema para compor o estudo. De maneira geral, o HPV causa o aparecimento de verrugas em diversas regiões, mas principalmente nas regiões genitais. Tem como meio de transmissão o contato de mucosas, devido a isso é considerada uma enfermidade sexualmente transmissível. Conclusão: a grande maioria dos adolescentes não possui conhecimento sobre o que é a doença causada pelo vírus nem o porquê precisa ser vacinado. O estudo demonstrou também que o número de vacinações, de campanhas de conscientização, educação e de conhecimento dos adolescentes, está abaixo do desejado.
Objective: to analyze the reality of Brazilian adolescents in the context of human papillomavirus, as well as to discuss the current forms of prevention found for this disease and how these have been used. Method: this is an integrative review, based on three databases, LILACS, ScIELO and BDENF, seeking to prioritize the most recent publications and most relevant for the progress and rationale of the study. Results: 9 articles were chosen that are related to the theme to make up the study. In general, HPV causes the appearance of warts in several regions, but mainly in the genital regions. Its means of transmission is the contact of mucous membranes, due to this is considered a sexually transmitted disease. Conclusion: the vast majority of adolescents do not have knowledge about what is the disease caused by the virus or why it needs to be vaccinated. The study also showed that the number of vaccinations, awareness campaigns, education and knowledge of adolescents, is below the desired.
Objetivo: analizar la realidad de los adolescentes brasileños en el contexto del virus del papiloma humano, así como discutir las formas actuales de prevención encontradas para esta enfermedad y cómo se han utilizado. Método: se trata de una revisión integradora, basada en tres bases de datos, LILACS, ScIELO y BDENF, que busca priorizar las publicaciones más recientes y más relevantes para el progreso y la justificación del estudio. Resultados: Se eligieron 9 artículos relacionados con la temática para conformar el estudio. En general, el VPH causa la aparición de verrugas en varias regiones, pero principalmente en las regiones genitales. Su medio de transmisión es el contacto de las membranas mucosas, debido a esto se considera una enfermedad de transmisión sexual. Conclusión: la gran mayoría de los adolescentes no tienen conocimiento sobre cuál es la enfermedad causada por el virus o por qué necesita ser vacunada. El estudio también mostró que el número de vacunas, campañas de sensibilización, educación y conocimiento de los adolescentes, está por debajo de lo deseado.
Subject(s)
Papillomaviridae , Vaccines , AdolescentABSTRACT
Na atualidade, fotografar ou gravar o instante da imunização contra a Covid-19 se tornou rotina compartilhada nas redes sociais. Essa exposição instigou a observação de uma questão relevante: a técnica de aplicação está correta? Com a veiculação de imagens, é possível visualizar as vacinas sendo administradas em diferentes áreas do músculo deltoide, o que pode acarretar efeitos adversos. A otimização da qualificação técnica e pedagógica dos profissionais que elaboram e ministram as capacitações, bem como o envolvimento efetivo dos vacinadores nos treinamentos para injeção intramuscular é uma necessidade constante para evitar mais danos à saúde da população
Currently, photographing or recording the instant of immunization against Covid-19 has become a shared routine on social networks. This exposition prompted the observation of a relevant question: is the application technique correct? With the transmission of images, it is possible to visualize the vaccines being administered in different areas of the deltoid muscle, which can cause adverse effects. The optimization of the technical and pedagogical qualification of the professionals who design and deliver the training, as well as the effective involvement of vaccinators in training for intramuscular injection, is a constant need to avoid further damage to the health of the population
Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Vaccines , Immunization , Process Optimization , Deltoid Muscle , InjectionsABSTRACT
VacciMonitor, producto líder del sello editorial ¨Finlay Ediciones¨, es una revista arbitrada dedicada a la vacunología y otras disciplinas relacionadas que se reafirma como la única con estas características en Latinoamérica. Existen otras con iguales objetivos editadas por países desarrollados, como Vaccine de la editorial Elsevier (Holanda) y Vacunas, de Doyma (España).1,2 Se fundó en 1992 con el objetivo de divulgar los logros alcanzados por Cuba en el campo de las vacunas; desde esa fecha ha contribuido a visibilizar el impacto de la vacunación en nuestro país y el desarrollo de la industria farmacéutica y biotecnológica que produce gran parte de las vacunas utilizadas en el programa nacional de inmunización.2 En sus inicios tuvo un carácter institucional. En el año 2000 trascendió nuestras fronteras y a partir de ese momento aumentaron los artículos procedentes de otros países1,2. Su frecuencia ha variado, atendiendo principalmente a la disponibilidad de artículos científicos. En los últimos años se ha estabilizado como publicación cuatrimestral.1,2,3 Del año 2005 al 2021 se han publicado 263 artículos científicos, de 31 países y 156 instituciones. El 27,8 por ciento de esta producción es externa a nuestro país y el 72,2 por ciento, interna; de esta última, el 49,4 por ciento corresponde a producción no institucional. En VacciMonitor han publicado autores cubanos y de otros países como México, Venezuela, Malasia, Reino Unido, entre otros. Las Instituciones cubanas que más contribuyen a la revista son: Instituto Finlay de Vacunas, Centro de Ingeniería Genética y Biotecnología, Instituto de Medicina Tropical ¨Pedro Kourí¨, Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio Echeverría y Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana.4) VacciMonitor es una revista a favor de la Ciencia Abierta.5 Acepta manuscritos publicados en archivos de preprints; proporciona un acceso abierto inmediato a su contenido, basado en el principio de que ofrecer al público un acceso libre a las investigaciones ayuda a un mayor intercambio global de conocimiento; el acceso a todos los contenidos de la revista, registro y envío de artículos es totalmente gratuito. Todo el procesamiento de los artículos, su revisión, edición y publicación es libre...(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Vaccines/therapeutic use , Immunologic Techniques , CubaABSTRACT
Objetivo: analisar as habilidades e as práticas de profissionais de saúde da Estratégia Saúde da Família e demais áreas, educação e serviço social em municípios do nordeste brasileiro (Rio Grande do Norte, Maranhão e Piauí), precedente à formação acerca da utilização da Caderneta da Criança. Métodos: Estudo transversal que faz parte de um projeto de Formação de profissionais para o uso da Caderneta da Criança. A população do estudo foi constituída de 140 profissionais que atuam na atenção à criança, em saúde, educação e assistência social. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi formulário Google Forms, com questionário estruturado com 55 questões. A pesquisa tem Parecer Nº3554302. Resultados: observa-se que 15,71% avaliam como ruim a capacidade de conhecê-la de forma minuciosa, e apenas 45% e 3,57% como bom e excelente. Quarenta e seis por cento (46,43%) dos profissionais consideram que utilizam muito a caderneta em sua rotina, porém 24,29% dizem que não a utilizam. Apenas 0,71% sempre preenche a CC com dados relativos à aferição da pressão arterial das crianças e 6,45% sempre registram na CC as intercorrências relativas às doenças, os relatórios de internações, acidentes, as alergias e outros agravos da criança. Conclusões: o estudo aponta ser necessário que haja uma formação de profissionais das unidades de saúde, utilizando metodologias mais criativas, de forma alusiva acerca da necessidade de compreensão da CC como um documento de cidadania, com registros de todas as etapas de crescimento e desenvolvimento da criança, além do acompanhamento da vigilância das vacinas administradas.
Objective: to analyze the skills and practices of health professionals of the Family Health Strategy and other areas, education, and social service in municipalities of northeastern Brazil (Rio Grande do Norte, Maranhão, and Piauí), preceding the training on the use of the Child's Handbook. Methods: cross-sectional study that is part of a project for training professionals to use the Child's Handbook. The study population consisted of 140 professionals working in child care, health, education, and social. The data collection instrument was Google Forms form, with a structured questionnaire with 55 questions. Results: it is observed that 15.71% evaluate as bad the ability to know it thoroughly, and only 45% and 3.57% as good and excellent. Forty-six percent (46.43%) of professionals consider that they use the handbook a lot in their routine, but 24.29% say they do not use it. Only 0.71% always fill out the handbook with data related to the measurement of children's blood pressure and 6.45% always record in the handbook the complications related to diseases, reports of hospitalizations, accidents, allergies, and other injuries of the child. Conclusions: the study points to the need for training of professionals in health units, using more creative methodologies, alluding to the need to understand the child handbook as a citizenship document, with records of all stages of growth and development of the child, in addition to monitoring the surveillance of administered vaccines.
Subject(s)
Child Development , Child Health , National Health Strategies , Vaccines , Child Care , Evaluation Study , Growth and Development , Professional TrainingABSTRACT
Objetivo: Compreender os significados da vacina contra Coronavírus 19 para enfermeiros que atuam na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo, tipo ação participante, fundamentado nos pressupostos de Paulo Freire. Em fevereiro de 2021 realizaram-se dois Círculos de Cultura virtual, com a participação de 11 enfermeiros atuantes na Atenção Primária à Saúde, residentes em Santa Catarina, Brasil. Para tanto, realizou-se a analogia entre as fases do Itinerário de Pesquisa Freireano com a aplicação da vacina. Resultados: Emergiram dois temas geradores para a discussão: tempo de esperança e desafios da vacinação. No primeiro tema destacou-se a confiança, a alegria, a motivação para o trabalho e valorização da profissão. No segundo refletiram sobre os desafios de ampliar a prevenção da doença com imunização da sociedade, divulgação de medidas sanitárias e conscientização da população, dificuldade de permanecer no isolamento social, aumento da contaminação e novos casos. Conclusão: Os enfermeiros apontaram a imunização como uma possibilidade concreta contra a doença Coronavírus 19 e se torna mais potente, se associada ao uso de máscaras e distanciamento social. A vacinação é um caminho real para o término da conjuntura pandêmica, a qual evidenciou o protagonismo da enfermagem no enfrentamento a Coronavírus 19. (AU)
Objective: To understand the meanings of the Coronavírus 19 vaccine for nurses who work in Primary Health Care. Methods: Qualitative study, participant action type, based on the assumptions of Paulo Freire. In February 2021, two virtual Culture Circles were held, with the participation of 11 nurses working in Primary Health Care, residing in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Therefore, an analogy was made between the phases of the Freirean Research Itinerary and the application of the Coronavirus 19 vaccine. Results: Two generating themes emerged for discussion: time of hope and challenges of vaccination. In the first theme, confidence, joy, motivation to work and valuing the profession stood out. In the second, they reflected on the challenges of expanding disease prevention with immunization of society, dissemination of sanitary measures and awareness of the population, difficulty in remaining in social isolation, increased contamination and new cases. Conclusion: Nurses pointed out immunization as a concrete possibility against Coronavirus 19 and it becomes more powerful if associated with the use of masks and social distancing. Vaccination is a real way to end the pandemic situation, which evidenced the role of nursing in confronting Coronavirus 19. (AU)
Objetivo: Comprender los significados de la vacuna Coronavirus 19 para enfermeros que laboran en Atención Primaria de Salud. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo, tipo de acción participante, basado en los supuestos de Paulo Freire. En febrero de 2021, se realizaron dos Círculos de Cultura virtuales, con la participación de 11 enfermeras que laboran en Atención Primaria de Salud, residentes en Santa Catarina, Brasil. Por tanto, se hizo una analogía entre las fases del Itinerario de Investigación Freireano con la aplicación de la vacuna Coronavirus 19. Resultados: Surgieron dos temas generadores de discusión: tiempo de esperanza y desafíos de la vacunación. En el primer tema destacó la confianza, la alegría, la motivación para trabajar y la valoración de la profesión. En el segundo, reflexionaron sobre los desafíos de ampliar la prevención de enfermedades con inmunización de la sociedad, difusión de medidas sanitarias y concienciación de la población, dificultad para permanecer en aislamiento social, aumento de la contaminación y nuevos casos. Conclusion: Los enfermeros señalaron la inmunización como una posibilidad concreta frente al Coronavirus 19 y se vuelve más poderosa si se asocia al uso de máscaras y al distanciamiento social. La vacunación es una forma real de acabar con la situación pandémica, que evidenció el papel de la enfermería en el enfrentamiento al Coronavirus 19. (AU)
Subject(s)
Nursing , Primary Health Care , Vaccines , Coronavirus Infections , PandemicsABSTRACT
Objetivo: Compreender os significados da vacina contra Coronavírus 19 para enfermeiros que atuam na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo, tipo ação participante, fundamentado nos pressupostos de Paulo Freire. Em fevereiro de 2021 realizaram-se dois Círculos de Cultura virtual, com a participação de 11 enfermeiros atuantes na Atenção Primária à Saúde, residentes em Santa Catarina, Brasil. Para tanto, realizou-se a analogia entre as fases do Itinerário de Pesquisa Freireano com a aplicação da vacina. Resultados: Emergiram dois temas geradores para a discussão: tempo de esperança e desafios da vacinação. No primeiro tema destacou-se a confiança, a alegria, a motivação para o trabalho e valorização da profissão. No segundo refletiram sobre os desafios de ampliar a prevenção da doença com imunização da sociedade, divulgação de medidas sanitárias e conscientização da população, dificuldade de permanecer no isolamento social, aumento da contaminação e novos casos. Conclusão: Os enfermeiros apontaram a imunização como uma possibilidade concreta contra a doença Coronavírus 19 e se torna mais potente, se associada ao uso de máscaras e distanciamento social. A vacinação é um caminho real para o término da conjuntura pandêmica, a qual evidenciou o protagonismo da enfermagem no enfrentamento a Coronavírus 19. (AU)
Objective: To understand the meanings of the Coronavírus 19 vaccine for nurses who work in Primary Health Care. Methods: Qualitative study, participant action type, based on the assumptions of Paulo Freire. In February 2021, two virtual Culture Circles were held, with the participation of 11 nurses working in Primary Health Care, residing in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Therefore, an analogy was made between the phases of the Freirean Research Itinerary and the application of the Coronavirus 19 vaccine. Results: Two generating themes emerged for discussion: time of hope and challenges of vaccination. In the first theme, confidence, joy, motivation to work and valuing the profession stood out. In the second, they reflected on the challenges of expanding disease prevention with immunization of society, dissemination of sanitary measures and awareness of the population, difficulty in remaining in social isolation, increased contamination and new cases. Conclusion: Nurses pointed out immunization as a concrete possibility against Coronavirus 19 and it becomes more powerful if associated with the use of masks and social distancing. Vaccination is a real way to end the pandemic situation, which evidenced the role of nursing in confronting Coronavirus 19. (AU)
Objetivo: Comprender los significados de la vacuna Coronavirus 19 para enfermeros que laboran en Atención Primaria de Salud. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo, tipo de acción participante, basado en los supuestos de Paulo Freire. En febrero de 2021, se realizaron dos Círculos de Cultura virtuales, con la participación de 11 enfermeras que laboran en Atención Primaria de Salud, residentes en Santa Catarina, Brasil. Por tanto, se hizo una analogía entre las fases del Itinerario de Investigación Freireano con la aplicación de la vacuna Coronavirus 19. Resultados: Surgieron dos temas generadores de discusión: tiempo de esperanza y desafíos de la vacunación. En el primer tema destacó la confianza, la alegría, la motivación para trabajar y la valoración de la profesión. En el segundo, reflexionaron sobre los desafíos de ampliar la prevención de enfermedades con inmunización de la sociedad, difusión de medidas sanitarias y concienciación de la población, dificultad para permanecer en aislamiento social, aumento de la contaminación y nuevos casos. Conclusion: Los enfermeros señalaron la inmunización como una posibilidad concreta frente al Coronavirus 19 y se vuelve más poderosa si se asocia al uso de máscaras y al distanciamiento social. La vacunación es una forma real de acabar con la situación pandémica, que evidenció el papel de la enfermería en el enfrentamiento al Coronavirus 19. (AU)
Subject(s)
Nursing , Primary Health Care , Vaccines , Coronavirus Infections , PandemicsABSTRACT
Introduction: Since the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2, there have been efforts to develop vaccines to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: The present study assessed the efficacy and safety of the BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1/AZD1222 and Gam-COVID-Vac rAd26-S/rAd5-S vaccines against the SARS-CoV-2. Materials and methods: We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Cochrane, and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform on March 15, 2021. The search terms used were: "vaccine" OR "vaccination" AND "covid19" OR "coronavirus" OR "sarscov2" AND "bnt162b2" OR "chadox1-S" OR "azd1222" OR "sputnik" OR "Gam-COVID-Vac" OR "mrna" OR "mRNA-1273" . We measured the risk of bias of the studies and the quality of the evidence using GRADE profiles. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results of clinical trials is presented. Results: Of the 74 identified studies, 4 were finally included in this review. The efficacies of the BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1/AZD1222 and Gam-COVID-VacrAd26-S/rAd5-S vaccines against symptomatic COVID-19 were 95,0% (CI95% 90,3-97,6), 94,1% (CI95% 89,3-96,8), 66,7% (CI95% 57,4-74,0), and 91,1% (CI95% 83,8-95,1), respectively. There was moderate certainty of the evidence due to serious indirectness, when we measured the risk of bias of the studies and the quality of the evidence using GRADE profile. The safety profiles were acceptable, and data on serious adverse events (summary RR=0,93; CI95% 0,77-1,12; p=0,16) and deaths from all causes (summary RR=0,70; CI95% 0,33-1,50; p=0°90) showed no significant differences. Conclusion: The results of this review support the level of evidence for the efficacy and safety of the COVID-19 vaccines analysed.
Introducción. Desde que surgió el virus SARS-CoV-2, se han realizado esfuerzos para desarrollar vacunas para controlar la pandemia por COVID-19. Objetivo. Evaluar los datos de la eficacia y seguridad de las vacunas BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1/AZD1222 y Gam-COVID-Vac rAd26-S/rAd5-S contra el SARS-CoV-2. Materiales y métodos. Se realizaron búsquedas en PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Cochrane y la Plataforma de Registro Internacional de Ensayos Clínicos de la OMS el 15 de marzo de 2021. Los términos usados fueron: "vaccine" OR "vaccination" AND "covid19" OR "coronavirus" OR "sarscov2" AND "bnt162b2" OR "chadox1-S" OR "azd1222" OR "sputnik" OR "Gam-COVID-Vac" OR "mrna" OR "mRNA-1273'.' Se midió el riesgo de sesgo de los estudios y la calidad de la información por medio de los perfiles GRADE. Se presenta un análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo de los resultados de los estudios clínicos. Resultados. Se identificaron 74 estudios y se incluyeron 4 en la revisión. La eficacia de las vacunas BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, ChAdOx1/AZD1222 y Gam-COVID-VacrAd26-S/rAd5-S contra la COVID-19 sintomática fue del 95,0 % (IC95% 90,3-97,6), 94,1 % (IC95% 89,3-96,8), 66,7 % (IC95% 57,4-74,0) y 91,1 % (IC95% 83,8-95,1), respectivamente, y hubo una certeza moderada de la información debido a la falta de evidencia directa. Los perfiles de seguridad fueron aceptables, y los eventos adversos graves (RR resumido=0,93; IC95% 0,77-1,12; p=0,16) y muerte por todas las causas (RR resumido=0,70; IC95% 0,33-1,50; p=0,90) no mostraron diferencias significativas. Conclusión. Los resultados de esta revisión respaldan el nivel de evidencia de la eficacia y seguridad de las vacunas COVID-19 que fueron analizadas.
Subject(s)
Vaccines , Coronavirus Infections , Safety , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
La neuroinmunología es una disciplina que cada vez amplía más sus horizontes en la comprensión de las enfermedades neurológicas. Contemporáneamente, y a la luz de los nexos fisiopatológicos de las enfermedades neurológicas y la inmunología, se han planteado enfoques diagnósticos y terapéuticos específicos. A pesar de los importantes avances de esta disciplina, existen múltiples dilemas que le conciernen y se filtran en la práctica clínica. En esta revisión, se presentan y discuten 15 controversias, las cuales se construyen con la información clínica disponible más actualizada. Los temas incluidos son: disminución de esteroides en recaídas de esclerosis múltiple; recomendaciones terapéuticas en esclerosis múltiple a la luz de la pandemia por el SARS-CoV-2; evidencia de vacunación en esclerosis múltiple y en otras enfermedades desmielinizantes; panorama actual del síndrome clínico y radiológico aislado; y fallas terapéuticas en esclerosis múltiple; además, criterios para suspender las terapias modificadoras de la enfermedad; evidencia del manejo en recaídas leves; recomendaciones para la profilaxis contra Strongyloides stercolaris; utilidad de un segundo ciclo de inmunoglobulina en el síndrome de Guillain-Barré; criterios para diferenciar una polineuropatía crónica desmielinizante inflamatoria de inicio agudo de un síndrome de Guillain-Barré y, utilidad de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina en neurosarcoidosis. En cada una de las controversias, se presenta la problemática general y se ofrecen recomendaciones específicas que pueden adoptarse en la práctica clínica diaria.
Neuroimmunology is a discipline that increasingly broadens its horizons in the understanding of neurological diseases. At the same time, and in front of the pathophysiological links of neurological diseases and immunology, specific diagnostic and therapeutic approaches have been proposed. Despite the important advances in this discipline, there are multiple dilemmas that concern and filter into clinical practice. This article presents 15 controversies and a discussion about them, which are built with the most up-to-date evidence available. The topics included in this review are: steroid decline in relapses of multiple sclerosis; therapeutic recommendations in MS in light of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic; evidence of vaccination in multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases; overview current situation of isolated clinical and radiological syndrome; therapeutic failure in multiple sclerosis, as well as criteria for suspension of disease-modifying therapies; evidence of the management of mild relapses in multiple sclerosis; recommendations for prophylaxis against Strongyloides stercolaris; usefulness of a second course of immunoglobulin in the Guillain-Barré syndrome; criteria to differentiate an acute-onset inflammatory demyelinating chronic polyneuropathy versus Guillain-Barré syndrome; and, the utility of angiotensin-converting enzyme in neurosarcoidosis. In each of the controversies, the general problem is presented, and specific recommendations are offered that can be adopted in daily clinical practice.
Subject(s)
Vaccines , Coronavirus , Multiple Sclerosis , Sarcoidosis , Guillain-Barre Syndrome , Polyradiculoneuropathy, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating , NatalizumabABSTRACT
Objetivo:investigar os fatores relacionados para a redução das metas vacinais infantis.Método: revisão integrativa da literatura embasada no checklist Preferred Reporting Itens for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. As bases de dados consultadas foram Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Banco de Dados de Enfermagem em março de 2021.Foram incluídos artigos originais, nacionais e disponíveis na íntegra, publicados no período de 2016 a 2021.Resultados:a amostra compreendeu 10 artigos. A falta de tempo dos pais para levar os filhos às unidades de saúde para serem vacinadas foi evidenciado em 4 (40%) estudos, 2 (20%) mostraram a dificuldade de acesso as unidades por motivos de locomoção e outros 2 (20%) citaram as salas de vacinas com falta de imunobiológicos.Conclusão:a redução das metas vacinais infantis está relacionada à falta de tempo dos pais, deslocamento e falta de insumos nas unidades de saúde.(AU)
Objective: toinvestigatethefactors related tothereductionofchildhoodvaccinationgoals.Method:integrativeliterature review basedonthe Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist. The databases consultedwereLatin American and CaribbeanLiteratureon Health Sciences, Nursing Database in March 2021. Original, national and availablearticlespublished in theperiodfrom 2016 to 2021 wereincluded.Results: the sample comprised 10 articles. The lackof time for parentsto take theirchildrento health unitstobevaccinatedwas evidenced in 4 (40%) studies, 2 (20%) showeddifficulty in accessingtheunits for reasonsoflocomotion and another 2 (20%) citedvaccineroomswith a lackofimmunobiologicals.Conclusion: thereductionofchildhoodvaccination targets is related tothelackof time ofparents, displacement and lackofsupplies in the health units(AU)
Objetivo: investigar los factores relacionados con la reducción de las metas de vacunación infantil.Método: revisión integrativa de la literatura basadaen la lista de verificación Elementos de informe preferidos para revisiones sistemáticas y metanálisis. Las bases de datos consultadas fueron Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe enCiencias de la Salud, Base de Datos de Enfermeríaenmarzo de 2021. Se incluyeron artículos originales, nacionales y disponibles publicados enel período de 2016 a 2021.Resultados: la muestraestuvocompuesta por 10 artículos. La falta de tiempo de los padres para llevar a sus hijos a las unidades de salud para ser vacunados se evidencióen 4 (40%) estudios, 2 (20%) mostrarondificultad para acceder a las unidades por motivos de locomoción y otros 2 (20%) citaron vacuna salas concarencia de inmunobiológicos.Conclusion: la reducción de las metas de vacunación infantil está relacionada con la falta de tiempo de los padres, eldesplazamiento y la falta de insumos en las unidades de salud.(AU)
Subject(s)
Vaccines , Child , Child Health , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Vaccination CoverageABSTRACT
La vacunación constituye una estrategia de prevención primaria costo efectivo de gran impacto en muchas enfermedades a lo largo de la historia. La vacuna para la viruela símica fue aprobada por la FDA en 2019 para la prevención de la enfermedad de la viruela símica en adultos desde los 18 años de edad. Los presentes lineamientos establecen orientaciones para la vacunación contra la viruela símica, basada en las recomendaciones dadas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud, y estará sujeto a actualizaciones acorde a la nueva evidencia que se vaya generando
Vaccination is a cost-effective primary prevention strategy with great impact on many diseases throughout history. The monkeypox vaccine was approved by the FDA in 2019 for the prevention of monkeypox disease in adults 18 years and older. These guidelines establish guidelines for vaccination against monkeypox, based on the recommendations given by the World Health Organization, and will be subject to updates according to new evidence that is generated
Subject(s)
Vaccination , Monkeypox , Vaccines , El SalvadorABSTRACT
El objetivo de la revisión fue actualizar la revisión que sintetizó la evidencia científica publicada respecto a la eficacia y seguridad de tres vacunas contra la viruela símica. Se identificaron tres vacunas recomendadas para uso frente a viruela símica: ACAM200, JYNNEOS y LC16. ACAM2000 es una vacuna de virus vivo, competente para la replicación, aprobada contra la viruela. JYNNEOS (Imvamune, Imvanex, MVA-BN ó Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA)) es una vacuna de virus vivo atenuado no replicante y está aprobada para viruela y viruela símica. LC16 es una vacuna de tercera generación, mínimamente replicante que contiene la cepa Lister del virus vaccinia atenuado, mínimamente replicante, aprobada para la viruela en Japón. El informe del grupo asesor de inmunizaciones del CDC identificó siete ensayos clínicos y treinta y tres estudios observacionales. Los ensayos clínicos incluyeron a participantes sanos sin comorbilidades. La mayoría de ensayos incluyeron participantes que no habían recibido una vacunación previa para la viruela.
Subject(s)
Safety , Vaccinia virus , Smallpox , Vaccines , Immunization , MonkeypoxABSTRACT
El desarrollo de vacunas contra la COVID-19 ha constituido una de las principales prioridades de la comunidad científica global. Hasta la fecha, múltiples vacunas han sido aprobadas para uso por numerosos países y la Organización Mundial de la Salud ha incluido algunas de estas en su programa de listado de uso de emergencia. El presente trabajo ofrece información sobre estos aspectos y analiza el reto colosal que ha representado para el sector regulatorio enfrentarse al creciente desarrollo de vacunas contra la COVID-19, asegurando su calidad, seguridad y eficacia. De igual forma, se abordan los nuevos enfoques en el desarrollo de los ensayos clínicos, o modificaciones en los procedimientos regulatorios existentes, que han sido cuidadosamente adaptados por las agencias reguladoras, sin perder su capacidad de escrutinio y la integridad de la evaluación científico-regulatoria(AU)
The development of anti-COVID-19 vaccines has been one of the main priorities of the global scientific community. To date, multiple vaccines have been approved for use by numerous countries, and the World Health Organization has already included some of these in its emergency use listing program. This paper offers information on these aspects and analyzes the colossal challenge that facing the growing development of vaccines against COVID-19 has represented for the regulatory sector, ensuring their quality, safety and efficacy. Similarly, new approaches in the development of clinical trials are addressed, or modifications in existing regulatory procedures that have been carefully adapted by regulatory agencies, without losing their scrutiny capacity and the integrity of the scientific-regulatory evaluation(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Clinical Trial , Medical Device Legislation , COVID-19 Vaccines/therapeutic use , Vaccines , CubaABSTRACT
La importancia que tienen para la avicultura cubana el virus de la enfermedad infecciosa de la bolsa (Gumboro) y el virus de la viruela aviar, así como la producción de vacunas que permitan controlar las enfermedades producidas por estos agentes biológicos, justifican la necesidad del establecimiento de una buena gestión de la bioseguridad, ya que el desconocimiento de los peligros y riesgos del personal que labora en estas vacunas puede provocar accidentes de consecuencias indeseables para el producto, escapes de estos microorganismos durante sus procesos productivos y la consecuente contaminación del medio ambiente. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue realizar un análisis de la percepción de riesgo existente en el personal responsable del proceso de producción de dos vacunas aviares. Para ello se utilizó el software RISKPERCEP en una instalación de producción de vacunas aviares; su aplicación mostró variables que demostraron subestimación del riesgo por el personal expuesto y variables con tendencia a la sobrestimación, asociadas fundamentalmente al incorrecto diseño de la instalación. Se concluye que existe la necesidad de una buena capacitación y que se impartan cursos de actualización de bioseguridad donde se tengan en cuenta todos los aspectos del diseño del laboratorio que puedan solucionarse(AU)
The importance of infectious bursal disease virus and fowl pox virus for Cuban poultry farming, as well as the production of vaccines to control the diseases caused by these biological agents, justifies the need for establishment of a good Biosafety management; since the ignorance of the dangers and risks on the part of the personnel that works in them can cause accidents with undesirable consequences for the product, escapes of these microorganisms during their production processes and the consequent contamination of the environment. The objective of the research was to carry out an analysis of the perception of risk in the personnel responsible for the production process of two avian vaccines. The RISKPERCEP software was used in an avian vaccine production facility; its application showed variables that demonstrated underestimation of the risk by the exposed personnel and variables with a tendency to overestimate; fundamentally associated with the incorrect design of the facility. Finally, it is proposed that biosafety update courses be given and that all aspects of the laboratory design that can be solved are taken into account(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Risk Management , Bird Diseases , Vaccines , Infectious bursal disease virus , Poxviridae Infections/prevention & controlABSTRACT
En la actualidad la contaminación de las aguas terrestres es un grave problema ambiental. La industria farmacéutica es una de las que produce un mayor impacto por la gran variedad de químicos que aporta al agua; sus efluentes generalmente tienen asociadas elevadas cargas orgánicas no biodegradables. La preservación de la calidad de las aguas terrestres es un tema regulado por la legislación nacional, donde se exige la caracterización de las aguas residuales antes de su vertimiento con vistas a evaluar el impacto ambiental que producen y diseñar el sistema adecuado para su tratamiento. El Instituto Finlay de Vacunas, pertenece al grupo de BioCubaFarma, es una empresa de ciclo completo, cuenta con nueve instalaciones, cinco de ellas son generadoras de grandes volúmenes de aguas residuales industriales. El presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de presentar los resultados obtenidos en la evaluación de los parámetros físico-químico de los residuales líquidos del proceso productivo de conjugados monovalentes, para esto se muestrearon los residuales líquidos generados al final de cada etapa del proceso. Se determinaron los indicadores de contaminación: pH, temperatura, conductividad eléctrica, demanda química y bioquímica de oxígeno, fósforo total, nitrógeno total y sólidos sedimentables; los ensayos fueron realizados en el laboratorio de la Empresa Nacional de Servicios Técnicos de la Habana, acreditado para la realización de las caracterizaciones de aguas residuales. Los resultados fueron comparados con los límites máximos permisibles establecidos en la Norma Cubana NC-27:2012 de vertimiento de aguas residuales al alcantarillado, además se calculó el índice de biodegradabilidad. Se demostró que el pH, la conductividad eléctrica, demanda química de oxígeno y demanda bioquímica de oxígeno no cumplen con el vertido para la descarga al alcantarillado pudiendo impactar de manera negativa en los recursos hídricos(AU)
At present, the pollution of terrestrial waters is a serious environmental problem. The drug industry is one of those that produces a greater impact, due to the great variety of chemicals that can contribute to the water; its effluents generally have associated high non-biodegradable organic loads. The preservation of the quality of terrestrial waters is a subject regulated by legislation, where the characterization of wastewater is required before its discharge, since it allows evaluating the environmental impact it produces and designing the appropriate system for its treatment. The Finlay Vaccine Institute, belongs to the BioCubaFarma group, is a full cycle company, has nine facilities, five of them are generators of large volumes of industrial wastewater. The current work presents the results obtained in the evaluation of the physical-chemical parameters of the liquid waste from the production process of monovalent conjugates, for this the liquid waste generated at the end of each stage of the process was sampled. Pollution indicators were determined: pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, chemical and biochemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, total nitrogen and sedimentable solids. The results were compared with the maximum permissible limits established in NC-27: 2012 for the discharge of wastewater. The biodegradability index was also calculated. It was shown that some of the determined parameters do not comply with the discharge to release to the sewer system, which could have a negative impact on water resources(AU)