Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Show: 20 | 50 | 100
Results 1 - 20 de 37
Filter
1.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 24(12): 4665-4676, dez. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1055737

ABSTRACT

Resumo O aumento da produtividade agrícola, em especial da produção canavieira, geralmente está associado ao uso de agrotóxicos. O risco de contaminação desses compostos nos recursos hídricos é uma preocupação para a saúde pública e ambiental. Nesse contexto, o estudo objetivou estimar o potencial de contaminação das águas subterrâneas e superficiais por agrotóxicos aplicados em uma área sucroalcooleira na região metropolitana de João Pessoa, município de Santa Rita/Paraíba. A análise foi realizada seguindo critérios propostos pela Environmental Protection Agency - EPA e índice de GUS (águas subterrâneas) e pelo método de GOSS (águas superficiais). Como resultados da estimativa de contaminação das águas subterrâneas, observou-se que dos 25 princípios ativos avaliados pelos métodos (EPA e GUS), 52% apresentaram tendência de contaminação potencial. Quanto ao risco de contaminação das águas superficiais, a maioria dos princípios ativos possuía uma maior tendência de transporte de suas moléculas dissolvidas em água e transportadas por meio do carreamento das águas da chuva. Assim, pode-se concluir que há a necessidade de implantação de programas de monitoramento ambiental e de medidas voltadas à proteção da saúde pública.


Abstract The increase in agricultural productivity, especially sugarcane production, is generally associated with the use of agrochemicals. The risk of contamination of these compounds in water resources is a concern for public and environmental health. In this context, the scope of this study was to estimate the contamination potential of the groundwater and surface water by agrochemicals applied in a sugar and alcohol area in the metropolitan region of João Pessoa, Santa Rita/Paraíba. Analysis was performed according to the criteria proposed by the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), namely the GUS index (Groundwater Ubiquity Score) and the GOSS method (surface water). As a result of the estimate of groundwater contamination, it was observed that 52% out of 25 active compounds evaluated by the methods (EPA and GUS), showed a tendency of potential contamination. With respect to the contamination of surface waters, most of the active principles had a greater tendency to transport their molecules dissolved in water and transported them through rainwater. Thus, the conclusion drawn is that there is a need for the implementation of environmental monitoring programs and measures aimed at the protection of public health.


Subject(s)
Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Water Pollution, Chemical/analysis , Groundwater/chemistry , Agrochemicals/analysis , Crops, Agricultural , Brazil , Saccharum
2.
Rev. biol. trop ; 65(1): 405-414, Jan.-Mar. 2017. tab, ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-897551

ABSTRACT

ResumenLa producción agrícola de monocultivo permanente de banano y plátano en la parte media del Río Grande (Turbo - Antioquia) requiere de la aplicación de diferentes plaguicidas. Prácticas inapropiadas en la producción y cultivos de plátano realizadas en esta región a menudo conllevan a contaminación con agroquímicos que llegan a este cuerpo de agua por procesos de lixiviación y escorrentía. Los peces son los vertebrados más utilizados como especies bioindicadoras de la calidad del agua porque son muy sensibles a la presencia de contaminantes en el ambiente. El objetivo de esta investigación fue comparar la frecuencia de eritrocitos micronucleados (EMN) en sangre periférica de ejemplares de peces sabaleta (Brycon henni) procedentes de dos estaciones del Río Grande que difieren en su grado de contaminación por agroquímicos. Se evaluó la frecuencia de EMN en sangre periférica de peces B. henni procedentes de cada estación durante dos épocas de lluvia de 2010 y dos época secas de 2011. Las muestras de sangre fueron obtenidas de la vena caudal, fijadas durante 24 horas y luego teñidas con Giemsa. La frecuencia de EMN fue significativamente mayor en el área impactada por agroquímicos. La frecuencia media de EMN fue mayor en la estación con impacto directo de agroquímicos (0.15±0.18) que en la estación poco alterada (0.06±0.08). Además, la frecuencia de EMN en B. henni fue significativamente mayor en la época seca. Los resultados de este estudio indican que el análisis de las EMN en B. henni puede ser recomendada como un método adecuado para la detección in situ de agentes genotóxicos en el ambiente.


Abstract:The permanent monoculture of bananas and plantains farming in the middle of Río Grande (Turbo - Antioquia) requires the application of a variety of pesticides. Inappropriate banana production practices in this region, have often led to waterbody pollution by agrochemicals from leachate and runoff processes. Currently, fish are the most common vertebrates used as bioindicators of water quality, because they are very sensitive to the presence of contaminants. Our main goal with this study was to compare the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes (MNE) in peripheral blood specimens of fish Brycon henni, from two locations (polluted and unpolluted) in the Rio Grande. We evaluated the frequency of MNE in peripheral blood samples of fish B. henni from each location during two rainy seasons in 2010 and two dry seasons in 2011. Blood samples were collected, fixed for 24 h, and then were stained with Giemsa. Among results, we found that the median frequency of MNE was higher in the polluted site by agrochemical discharges (0.15±0.18), than in the unimpacted site (0.06±0.08). Furthermore, the frequency of MNE in B. henni during the dry season was highly significant for both locations. The results of this study indicated that the analysis of MNE in B. henni could be recommended as a suitable method for in situ detection of environmental genotoxins. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (1): 405-414. Epub 2017 March 01.


Subject(s)
Animals , Water Pollution, Chemical/analysis , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Rivers/chemistry , Erythrocytes/drug effects , Characidae/blood , Pesticides/toxicity , Seasons , Time Factors , Micronucleus Tests , Colombia , Statistics, Nonparametric
3.
Braz. j. biol ; 75(4,supl.2): 10-15, Dec. 2015. graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-769604

ABSTRACT

This article presents a reflection on the past and current history, uses, and significance of the Luiz Rau creek to the municipality of Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul. Its waters have always been important to the region, quenching the thirst of the local population and their livestock and providing venues for shared social interactions, but also as a destination for municipal industrial and household waste, which has polluted the waters of the creek. Our primary objective is to present and discuss these aspects with the purpose of elucidating the historical importance of this watercourse to the city of Novo Hamburgo. Toward that end, we conducted an exploratory survey to obtain the necessary inputs for such a discussion. We also employed texts from the now-defunct Jornal 5 de Abril and from Jornal NH, the highest-circulating newspaper in the region, to illustrate some situations experienced by the community. We found that municipal waste continues to be dumped into the creek, which has made it rather unloved by the local residents, but it remains firmly present in their daily lives.


Resumo Este artigo apresenta uma reflexão a respeito da história, dos usos e dos significados que o Arroio Luiz Rau teve/tem para o município de Novo Hamburgo. Suas águas, desde sempre tiveram grande importância para a região, pois serviram para suprir a sede dos moradores e seus animais, assim como para dividir espaços de sociabilidade, mas também para a liberação dos resíduos industriais e domésticos, oriundos do município, gerando poluição em suas águas. O objetivo principal, então, é apresentar esses aspectos, discuti-los, com o propósito de elucidar a importância histórica desse curso d’água para a cidade de Novo Hamburgo. Para a realização desse propósito, elaboramos uma pesquisa exploratória, a fim de termos subsídios suficientes para essa discussão. Além disso, utilizamos textos jornalísticos, do extinto, Jornal 5 de Abril e do Jornal NH, que tem a maior circulação na região, para ilustrarmos algumas situações vividas pela comunidade. O que observamos, atualmente, é que o arroio continua recebendo dejetos da cidade, tornando-se um espaço pouco querido pelos habitantes, mas ainda muito presente no cotidiano de seus moradores.


Subject(s)
History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, 21st Century , Cities/history , Urbanization/history , Water Pollution, Chemical/history , Brazil , Rivers , Socioeconomic Factors/history , Water Pollution, Chemical/analysis
4.
Cad. saúde pública ; 31(6): 1257-1268, 06/2015. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-752143

ABSTRACT

A forte relação das pessoas com o Rio Doce, bem como suas enchentes regulares, representam fator contínuo de exposição ao risco de doenças hídricas. Dada sua relevância epidemiológica, este estudo analisa a associação entre percepção de contaminação e uso do rio, bem como os mecanismos heurísticos empregados na formação da percepção de risco. Utilizou-se um modelo probit ordenado com variável instrumental e análise de redes temáticas aplicados a uma base de dados primária de 352 domicílios, representativa dos moradores de Tumiritinga, Minas Gerais, Brasil, para o ano de 2012. Os resultados indicam que embora a maioria (92,6%) dos moradores de Tumiritinga perceba o risco de contrair algum tipo de doença quando nada no Rio Doce, somente 11,4% informam não entrar na água. A análise de conteúdo sugere que esse paradoxo advém da falta de compreensão populacional sobre os mecanismos de transmissão de doenças hídricas, criando viés otimista sobre as chances de contaminação. Campanhas para promoção de comportamento preventivo devem, portanto, enfatizar as formas de contrair doenças hídricas na região.


The close relationship between local residents and the Rio Doce and the river’s recurrent flooding lead to continuous exposure of the population to waterborne diseases. Given the epidemiological importance of such diseases in the region, this study analyzes the association between risk perception of contamination and river water use, as well as the heuristic mechanisms used by individuals to shape their personal perception of risk. Regression models coupled with thematic network analysis were applied to primary data from 352 households in 2012. The data are representative of urban residents of Tumiritinga, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The results show that while 92.6% of respondents perceived high risk of waterborne diseases, only 11.4% reported not making direct use of the river. This apparent paradox is explained by the lack of information on transmission mechanisms, underestimating the perception of contamination. Public campaigns to promote preventive behavior should stress how waterborne diseases are transmitted, using simple examples to reach a wider local audience.


La fuerte relación que los residentes tienen con Río Doce, así como con sus inundaciones regulares, representan factores de exposición continua para el riesgo de enfermedades transmitidas por el agua. Este estudio examina la asociación entre la percepción de la contaminación y el uso del río, así como los mecanismos heurísticos usados en la formación de la percepción del riesgo. Se utilizó un modelo probit ordenado con variable instrumental y análisis de redes temáticas aplicadas a una base de datos primaria, representativa de los residentes de Tumiritinga, Minas Gerais, Brasil, para el año 2012. Los resultados indican que, aunque la mayoría de los residentes (92,6%) se dan cuenta del riesgo de contraer algún tipo de enfermedad, cuando se nada en Río Doce, sólo el 11,4% declara no entrar en el agua. El análisis de contenido sugiere que esta paradoja se debe a la falta de comprensión de la población de los mecanismos de transmisión de enfermedades hídricas, creándose un sesgo optimista sobre las posibilidades de contaminación.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Environmental Exposure/statistics & numerical data , Rivers , Water Supply , Water Pollution, Chemical/statistics & numerical data , Waterborne Diseases/transmission , Brazil , Environmental Exposure/analysis , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Water Pollution, Chemical/analysis , Waterborne Diseases/classification , Waterborne Diseases/epidemiology
5.
Rev. costarric. salud pública ; 22(1): 34-44, ene.-jun. 2013. ilus, mapas
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-684391

ABSTRACT

Establecer parámetros edafológicos e hidrogeológicos de la cuenca; y físico-químicos de fertilizantes y plaguicidas, que pudieran servir para el análisis del riesgo de su infiltración. Materiales y métodos: se realizó una investigación exploratoria de campo y gabinete para caracterizar hidrogeológicamente la cuenca. Se analizaron las concentraciones de plaguicidas y nitratos en aguas subterráneas y superficiales. Se consideraron algunas características de vulnerabilidad intrínsecas del acuífero, y otras relacionadas con la retención de contaminantes en suelos. Se determinó el coeficiente de distribución suelo/agua y el factor de retardo para seis sustancias de alto uso y se estimó su riesgo relativo hacia aguas subterráneas. Resultados: Las aguas subterráneas en zonas agrícolas muestran concentraciones de nitrato de dos a tres veces las concentraciones halladas en aguas para consumo humano. Se detectó glifosato en canales de irrigación agrícola. Los parámetros químicos del suelo más fuertemente correlacionados con la concentración de nitratos en aguas subterráneas fueron: a) capacidad de intercambio catiónico, b) relación aluminio: sílice, c) por ciento de retención de nitratos y d) pH del suelo en agua destilada. La concentración de nitratos en aguas subterráneas se relacionó directamente con el porcentaje de materiales finos (por ciento arcillas + por ciento limos) en los suelos. Discusión: Se proponen par metros para la evaluación del riesgo en acuíferos aluviales en la costa Pacífica de Costa Rica donde predomina el uso agrícola. Se considera que la terbutilazina, ametrina, carbendazim, diuron y nitratos representan amenaza importante al acuífero...


Subject(s)
Humans , Water Pollution/analysis , Water Pollution, Chemical/analysis , Environmental Pollution , River Pollution
6.
Rev. tecnol. (St. Tecla, En línea) ; (4): 46-50, ene.-dic. 2011. 28 cm.tab., graf.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, BISSAL | ID: biblio-1151308

ABSTRACT

En la actualidad el Río Sucio es uno de los ríos más contaminados en El Salvador, catalogándose la calidad de su agua como de pésima calidad, esta calificación se determina mediante la medición de parámetros como Oxigeno Disuelto, Recuento Microbiológico, Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígeno, Demanda Química de Oxígeno, Sólidos Totales Disueltos y Sólidos Suspendidos, Turbidez, Nitrógeno y Fósforo, encontrándose la mayoría de ellos arriba de los limites establecidos en las normas oficiales, tal y como se logró determinar en el monitoreo realizado por la Escuela de Ingeniería Química de ITCA-FEPADE durante once meses, en la zona media del Río Sucio, donde operan al menos 15 empresas agroindustriales. Se logró identificar que gran parte de la carga contaminante del río proviene de los desechos domésticos, industriales, agroindustriales y agrícolas que se han vertido en él durante las ultimas décadas.


Currently, Río Sucio is one of the most contaminated rivers in El Salvador, cataloging his water quality as bad quality. This tag is determinated by the measuring parameters like Dissolved Oxigen, Microbiological Count, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Total Dissolved Solids and Suspended Solids, Turbidity, Nitrogen and Phosphorus, most of them being above the limits established in the official norms, as it will seek to determine in the monitoring carried out by the Escuela de Ingeniería Química ITCA-FEPADE for once months, in the middle area of ​​the Sucio River, where at least 15 agro-industrial companies operate. It was possible to identify that a large part of the river's pollutant load comes from domestic, industrial, agro-industrial and agricultural wastes that have been dumped into it during the last decades.


Subject(s)
Water Pollution, Chemical/analysis , Water Quality , Ocean Disposal of Hazardous Waste , Dissolved Oxygen , Dissolved Solids , Suspended Solids , Water Purification , Rivers , Environmental Pollutants , Biological Oxygen Demand Analysis
7.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 28(4): 235-243, oct. 2010. graf, mapas, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-568012

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Determinar las concentraciones de compuestos petroquímicos en las fuentes de agua de consumo para comunidades cercanas a campos petrolíferos del Chaco Boliviano. MÉTODOS: Se recogieron datos sobre concentraciones de hidrocarburos totales de petróleo (HTP), 16 hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAP), incluidos el benceno, tolueno, etilbenceno y xilenos (BTEX), y 22 metales en muestras de 42 fuentes de agua de consumo humano situadas a menos de 30 km de un campo de extracción de petróleo. Se analizó la distribución de la concentración y el cumplimiento de los estándares definidos en las normativas boliviana, europea y estadounidense, así como en las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. RESULTADOS: En 76,19 por ciento de las muestras se halló algún contaminante petroquímico en concentraciones superiores a alguna de las cuatro normativas de referencia. Las muestras de agua que presentaron mayor contaminación fueron las provenientes de grifos y ríos. Los contaminantes más frecuentes fueron HTP, HAP, aluminio, arsénico, manganeso y hierro. CONCLUSIONES: Las comunidades del Chaco Boliviano ubicadas en un radio de 30 km alrededor de los campos de extracción de petróleo consumen agua con concentraciones de HTP, HAP y metales muy por encima de los niveles permitidos por la normativa boliviana y los estándares internacionales, poniendo en grave riesgo la salud pública de sus habitantes.


OBJECTIVE: To determine the concentrations of petrochemical compounds in the drinking water sources of communities located near oil-producing fields in the Bolivian Chaco region. METHODS: Data were collected on total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), and 22 metals in samples from 42 sources of water for human consumption located less than 30 km from an oil-producing field. Distribution of the concentration and adherence to the standards contained in the Bolivian, European, and United States regulations, as well as the recommendations of the World Health Organization, were analyzed. RESULTS: In 76.19 percent of the samples, some petrochemical contaminant was found in concentrations higher than permissible in any of the four sets of regulations mentioned. The water samples with the highest contamination levels were from faucets and rivers. The most common contaminants were TPH, PAH, aluminum, arsenic, manganese, and iron. CONCLUSIONS: Communities within a 30 km radius of the oil-producing fields in the Bolivian Chaco region consume water with TPH, PAH, and metal concentrations well above the levels permitted in the Bolivian regulations and international standards, putting the public health of their residents at serious risk.


Subject(s)
Humans , Extraction and Processing Industry , Fuel Oils , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Water Pollution, Chemical/analysis , Bolivia
8.
Rev. salud pública ; 12(2): 300-307, abr. 2010. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-560858

ABSTRACT

Objetivo Determinar la frecuencia de uso de plaguicidas en la producción agropecuaria, porcícola y avícola, para comprender su influencia en el recurso hídrico en la vereda Monterredondo del municipio San Pedro de los Milagros (Antioquia) y establecer un diagnostico de su calidad. Métodos Se aplicó una encuesta domiciliaria al 100 por ciento de las familias de la vereda, sobre el uso de productos químicos y se realizaron dos análisis, el fisicoquímico y el microbiológico a tres muestras de agua en el laboratorio de Ingeniería Ambiental de la Universidad de Antioquia bajo métodos estandarizados. Resultados La quebrada El Hato presenta una contaminación por Coliformes de 1 600x103 NMP/100ml y por E.coli de 220x10 NMP/100ml. La quebrada Fray Juana presenta un grado de contaminación de 1 600x103 NMP/100ml de Coliformes. Se encontró igualmente una contaminación de las fuentes hídricas por el uso de diversos plaguicidas como: Lorsban® (Clorpirifos), Ráfaga® (Clorpirifos), Látigo® (Clorpirifos), Neguvón® (Metrifonato), Furadán® (Carbofurán). Con insecticidas como, Ganabaño® (Cibermetrina) y desinfectantes como, Límpido® (Hipoclorito de sodio 6 por ciento). Conclusión La producción agropecuaria, porcícola y avícola en la vereda, está generando impactos negativos en el recurso hídrico, por la disminución y la contaminación de éste. Las aguas de las muestras analizadas, no son aptas para el consumo de seres vivos.


Objective Determining the frequency of pesticide use in agricultural, pig and poultry production to understand its influence on water resources in the village of Monterredondo in the municipality of San Pedro de Los Milagros (Antioquia) and diagnosing its quality. Methods 100 percent of the households in the village were surveyed regarding chemical use. Physicochemical and microbiological analysis of three water samples was carried out in the Universidad de Antioquia's Environmental Engineering laboratory using standardised methods. Results The Hato stream was contaminated by 1,600x103 NMP/100ml coliforms and 220x10 NMP/100ml E. coli. The Fray Juana stream had 1,600x103 NMP/100ml coliform contamination. Water sources were also contaminated by the use of pesticides such as Lorsban (chlorpyriphs), Burst (chlorpyriphs), Whip (chlorpyriphs), Neguvon (metriphonate) and Furadan (carbophuran) and insecticides like Ganabaño (cypermethryn) and disinfectants and Limpido (6 percent sodium hypochlorite). Conclusion Agricultural, pig and poultry production in the village has been producing a negative impact on water resources due to its reduced availability and pollution. The water from the samples analysed here was not suitable for human consumption.


Subject(s)
Agrochemicals/analysis , Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification , Pesticide Residues/analysis , Water Microbiology , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Water Pollution/analysis , Agriculture/statistics & numerical data , Animal Husbandry/statistics & numerical data , Colombia , Data Collection , Disinfectants/analysis , Fresh Water/chemistry , Fresh Water/microbiology , Water Pollution, Chemical/analysis , Water Supply/standards
9.
Acta toxicol. argent ; 16(1): 14-20, jul. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-564754

ABSTRACT

El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar la presencia de fluoruros de aguas procedentes de vertientes y pozos cavados en la localidad de Rinconadillas de la Puna Jujeña. Dicha región fue seleccionada debido a que se quería corroborar la presencia de fluoruros, encontrados en la década del ‘80 por el organismo Agua Potable de la provincia de Jujuy, como así también ver si existía variación en la concentración de este contaminante natural en el transcurso del tiempo. La evaluación se realizó sobre 11 muestras de agua de vertientes y de pozos, que representan la totalidad de las fuentes en toda la localidad de Rinconadillas y alrededores. Otras 9 muestras fueron tomadas de Purmamarca, Tumbaya, Volcán, San Salvador de Jujuy y Palpalá, localidades que se alejan de Rinconadillas. Estas muestras consideradas testigos fueron seleccionadas sabiendo que, en estudios realizados anteriormente, no contenían fluoruros. De la totalidad de las muestras recolectadas en Rinconadillas, el 82 % superó el límite máximo recomendado por el Código Alimentario Argentino mientras que menos del 10% se encontraron por debajo de lo reglamentado. Las concentraciones de esta zona fueron superiores a las registradas en las muestras tomadas como referencias, determinándose diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos (p = 0,001). De las muestras testigos sólo una superó el límite superior recomendado por el Código Alimentario Argentino. Algunas de las concentraciones determinadas en el presente estudio fueron mayores a los registros de 15 años atrás y podrían indicar una variación creciente en el tiempo. Se ha observado que la población se ha dispersado en las cercanías a Rinconadillas con nuevas fuentes de aguas de bebida, que sólo reciben una eventual cloración. Se ha observado también en la población del lugar una marcada fluorosis dentalque debería ser evaluada clínica y epidemiológicamente.


The aim of this study was to determine the presence of fluorides in groundwaters from springs and wells belonging to Rinconadillas, a small town located in “La Puna” in the Province of Jujuy. This region was selected because fluoride has been detected during the '80 by Jujuy Water Agency and a comparative study of fluoride levels would provide information about the variation of concentrations of this “natural” contaminant along the time. In “La Puna” the study was conducted on eleven samples of groundwaters from springs and wells from Rinconadilllas and its surroundings. Nine further samples were obtained in Purmamarca, Tumbaya, Volcán, San Salvador de Jujuy and Palpalá, all ofthem far from Rinconadillas. Those samples were selected as prior studies determined that water from such towns does not contain fluoride. Eighty two percent of all the samples collected in Rinconadillas exceeded fluoride limits stated by Argentine Legislation (AL), while less than ten percent of the samples are below the stated values. Fluoride levels from this area were higher than the levels for the reference samples. For the blank samples, only one exceeds the maximum allowed level. Fluoride levels found in this study were higher than those coming from samples that have been analyzed 15 years ago indicating that fluoride levels in waters are increasing. It has also been observed that the population has moved to Rinconadillas surroundings having a drinking water form newsource that is only eventually chlorinated. A remarkable dental fluorosis is observed in the population, which should be clinically and epidemiologically assessed.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adolescent , Adult , Child , Young Adult , Water Pollution, Chemical/analysis , Environmental Exposure , Fluorides/analysis , Water Supply/analysis , Argentina/epidemiology , Maximum Allowable Concentration
10.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-114185

ABSTRACT

Groundwater samples were collected from different locations in Churu tehsil, Rajasthan (India) for their physico-chemical studies. Laboratory tests were performed for analysis of samples for total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity and major ions, e.g. calcium, magnesium, nitrate, fluoride, sodium and potassium. This paper highlights the analytical results for main ions contributing towards total dissolved solids. On comparing the results against drinking water quality standards laid by Indian Council of Medical Research (I.C.M.R.), it is found that most of the water samples are non potable for human beings due to high concentration of one parameter or the other. Most of the samples have total dissolved solids values much higher than the maximum permissible level stipulated by I.C.M.R., which is 1500 ppm. The high values of these parameters may have health implications and therefore these need attention.


Subject(s)
Calcium , Chlorides/analysis , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Fresh Water , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , India , Industrial Waste , Ions , Sodium/analysis , Sulfates/analysis , Water/analysis , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Water Pollution, Chemical/analysis , Water Purification , Water Supply/analysis
11.
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-114052

ABSTRACT

The objective was to investigate the quality of drinking water of Jaipur city during pre-monsoon session (April 2006 to June 2006). Physico-chemical parameters like pH, EC, TDS, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, CO3(2-), HCO3(-), Cl(-), SO4(2-), NO3(-), F(-) and TH were analyzed by adopting the standard method of APHA. To assess the quality of ground water, each parameter was compared with the standard desirable limit of that parameter stipulated for drinking water as prescribed by BIS. A correlation analysis was conducted to determine the correlation coefficient (r) among the parameters. The highest correlation was found between EC and chloride (r = 0.986, p = < .0001). EC showed highly significant positive correlation with chloride, Mg++, Na+, TDS and TH while significant inverse correlations were found in four cases, i.e. between pH and bicarbonate, between carbonate and bicarbonate, between pH and TDS and between sulphate and pH, while potassium, nitrate and fluoride did not show any significant correlations with any other parameters studied.


Subject(s)
Calcium/analysis , Chemistry Techniques, Analytical/methods , Chemistry, Physical/methods , Electric Conductivity , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , India , Magnesium/analysis , Regression Analysis , Trace Elements/analysis , Water Pollutants/analysis , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Water Pollution, Chemical/analysis , Water Purification/methods , Water Supply
12.
Cad. saúde pública ; 23(supl.4): S579-S587, 2007. mapas, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-467342

ABSTRACT

Recent evidence suggests that fluoride (F) and arsenic (As) may adversely affect intelligence quotient (IQ) scores. We explore the association between exposure to F and As in drinking water and intelligence in children. Three rural communities in Mexico with contrasting levels of F and As in drinking water were studied: Moctezuma (F 0.8±1.4mg/L; As 5.8±1.3µg/L); Salitral (F 5.3±0.9mg/L; As 169±0.9µg/L) and 5 de Febrero (F 9.4±0.9mg/L; As 194±1.3µg/L). The final study sample consisted of 132 children from 6 to 10 years old. After controlling for confounders, an inverse association was observed between F in urine and Performance, Verbal, and Full IQ scores (beta values = -13, -15.6, -16.9, respectively). Similar results were observed for F in drinking water (beta values = -6.7, -11.2, -10.2, respectively) and As in drinking water (beta values= -4.30, -6.40, -6.15, respectively). The p-values for all cases were < 0.001. A significant association was observed between As in urine and Full IQ scores (beta = -5.72, p = 0.003). These data suggest that children exposed to either F or As have increased risks of reduced IQ scores.


Estudios recientes sugieren que el flúor (F) y el arsénico (As) pueden tener efectos adversos sobre el coeficiente intelectual (CI). En este estudio exploramos la asociación entre el F y el As y la inteligencia en niños expuestos a estas sustancias a través del agua. Tres comunidades rurales de México con diferentes niveles de F y As fueron estudiadas: Moctezuma (F 0,8±1,4mg/L; As 5,8±1,3µg/L); Salitral (F 5,3±0,9mg/L; As 169±0,9µg/L) y 5 de Febrero (F 9,4±0,9mg/L; As 194±1,3µg/L). La muestra final fue de 132 niños de 6 a 10 años de edad. Después de controlar por confusores, se obtuvieron asociaciones inversas entre F en orina y las puntuaciones de los CI (Desempeño, Verbal y Total) (valores beta = -13, -15,6, -16,9, respectivamente) p < 0,001 en todos los casos. Resultados similares se obtuvieron con F en agua (valores beta = -6,7, -11,2, -10,2, respectivamente) y con As en agua (valores beta = -4,30, -6,40, -6,15, respectivamente). En todos los casos p < 0,001. Para As en orina, se obtuvo una asociación inversa con las puntuaciones del CI total (beta= -5,72; p = 0,003). Estos datos sugieren que los niños expuestos al F o al As tienen mayor riesgo de tener disminución en las puntuaciones del CI.


Subject(s)
Child , Female , Humans , Male , Arsenic/toxicity , Environmental Exposure , Fluorides/toxicity , Intelligence/drug effects , Water Pollution, Chemical/analysis , Water Supply/analysis , Epidemiologic Methods , Lead/toxicity , Mexico , Rural Population , Socioeconomic Factors
13.
Rev. panam. salud pública ; 20(6): 385-392, dic. 2006. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-447631

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVOS: Evaluar el riesgo asociado a la contaminación con nitrato de pozos noria de suministro de agua potable rural en la zona de Parral, Chile. MÉTODOS: Se recogieron datos de concentración de nitrato obtenidos de un muestreo de agua de 94 pozos noria. Se analizó la distribución de la concentración de nitrato en los pozos para determinar la existencia de algún tipo de correlación espacial. En el análisis de riesgo, se identificaron dos situaciones de exposición de la población (adultos y lactantes) y se elaboraron mapas de riesgo para la salud. RESULTADOS: El 14 por ciento de los pozos estudiados presentó valores de concentración de nitrato mayores que los permitidos por la normativa nacional relativa al agua potable. No se detectó correlación espacial de las concentraciones de nitrato. El valor medio del cociente de peligro (CP) para los adultos en la zona de estudio fue 0,12, lo que indica la ausencia de riesgo para la salud de esa población. Para los lactantes, el cociente de peligro medio fue 0,69, pero se identificaron algunos pozos donde el cociente de peligro indica un riesgo para esta población. CONCLUSIONES: En la zona de Parral, la contaminación de pozos noria por nitrato está asociada principalmente a la existencia de ciertos factores, como los métodos constructivos o la cercanía de animales, que afectan de manera aislada la calidad del agua. No se detectó la existencia de riesgo para la población adulta, pero sí para los lactantes alimentados con fórmulas preparadas con agua proveniente de los pozos contaminados.


OBJECTIVES: To assess the risk associated with nitrate contamination of wells that supply drinking water in the rural, Parral region of central Chile. METHODS: The nitrate concentration levels were determined using water samples from 94 wells. An analysis of the distribution of nitrate concentration levels was performed in order to assess possible geographic correlations. For the risk analysis, two exposure situations were identified among the population (for adults and for infants), and the health risks were mapped. RESULTS: Fourteen percent of the wells studied had nitrate concentration levels greater than what the Chilean health standards allow for drinking water. There was no geographic correlation for the nitrate concentration levels. The mean hazard quotient (HQ) for adults in the study area was 0.12, indicating an absence of risk for this population group. For infants, the HQ values had a maximum value of 3.1 in some locations, but the average was 0.69 (still below 1.0), indicating that the well water in the study area was generally not hazardous for infants. CONCLUSIONS: In the Parral region of Chile, nitrate contamination of wells is primarily linked to certain factors such as construction practices and the proximity of livestock. These factors affect the quality of drinking water in isolated cases. There was no risk found for the adult population, but there was for infants fed on formula mixed with water coming from the contaminated wells.


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Adult , Nitrates/analysis , Water Pollution, Chemical/analysis , Water Supply/analysis , Chile , Risk Assessment , Rural Health
14.
Rev. biol. trop ; 53(supl.1): 195-206, maio 2005. mapas
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-456510

ABSTRACT

The Gulf of Paria is a semi-enclosed shallow basin with increasing coastal development activities along Trinidad's west coast. Sediments present a host for trace metal pollutants from overlying waters, therefore determination of their content is critical in evaluating and detecting sources of marine pollution. This paper presents a Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis of geochemical assessment for trace metals in coastal sediments of the Gulf of Paria. This GIS approach facilitates interpretation of the spatial relationships among key environmental processes. The GIS development involves the integration of spatial and attribute data pertaining to bathymetry, current systems, topography, rivers, land use/land cover and coastal sediments. It employs spatial interpolation and retrieval operations to analyze the total trace metal concentrations of aluminum, copper and lead in the sediments and the clay-enriched sediments, to determine whether they are related to sediment type or are affected by the discharge from anthropogenic sources. Spatial distribution modeling of element concentrations are produced to indicate contamination plumes from possible anthropogenic sources such as rivers entering the Gulf of Paria, and to reveal potential hot spots and dispersion patterns. A direct spatial correlation between clay-enriched sediments and high concentrations of aluminum and lead is detected, however regions of high concentrations of copper and lead indicate a relationship to anthropogenic sources. The effectiveness of GIS for visualization, spatial query and overlay of geochemical analysis is demonstrated.


Subject(s)
Clay/analysis , Environmental Monitoring/methods , Geographic Information Systems , Geologic Sediments/chemistry , Trace Elements/analysis , Water Pollution, Chemical/analysis , Aluminum/analysis , Aluminum/pharmacokinetics , Copper/analysis , Copper/pharmacokinetics , Geography , Lead/analysis , Lead/pharmacokinetics , Trinidad and Tobago , Water Movements
15.
Rev. biol. trop ; 52(supl.2): 1-10, dic. 2004. tab, ilus, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-450917

ABSTRACT

This paper describes the initial investigation of PCB concentrations in four geographical regions (three on the Pacific and one in the Caribbean) of coastal Costa Rica: Bahia Culebra, Golfo Dulce, Golfo de Nicoya, and Limón. Overall total concentrations of PCB were low in all areas except around the port of Golfito (Golfo Dulce). Overall average concentration is 2.80 ng/g dw, with a standard deviation of 2.75. The low concentration could be due to lack of contamination or the subsequent degradation in the warm climate, or the low sorptive capacity of the sediment. Further investigation is ongoing


Este articulo describe una investigación sobre las concentraciones de bifenilos policlorados (PCB) en cuatro regiones geográficas (tres en el Pacífico y una en el Caribe) costeras de Costa Rica.: Bahía Culebra, Golfo Dulce, Golfo de Nicoya, y Limón. Las concentraciones totales de PCB fueron bajas en todas las regiones excepto en el puerto de Golfito (Golfo Dulce). Las concentraciones promedio fueron de 2.80 ng /g dw, con una desviación estándar de 2.75. Las bajas concentraciones pueden estar asociadas a: la ausencia de contaminación por PCB, la degradación posterior en éste clima cálido, o la poca capacidad de absorción de los sedimentos


Subject(s)
Humans , Environmental Monitoring , Environmental Pollutants/analysis , Environmental Pollutants/pharmacokinetics , Environmental Pollution/analysis , Geologic Sediments/chemistry , Polychlorinated Biphenyls/pharmacokinetics , Chromatography, Gas , Climate , Costa Rica , Chemical Warfare Agents/analysis , Chlorine/analysis , Ecosystem , Pacific Ocean , Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis , Reference Values , Seawater , Temperature , Water Pollution, Chemical/analysis
16.
Rev. biol. trop ; 52(supl.2): 11-22, dic. 2004. ilus, tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-450918

ABSTRACT

Thirty-one sediment samples collected from 1996-2003 from the Gulf of Nicoya estuary on the north- western coast of Costa Rica, have been obtained for PCB analyses. This is part of the first study to evaluate the PCB contamination in coastal Costa Rica.Overall, the concentrations are low, especially when compared to sediments from more temperate climates and/or sediments from more heavily industrialized areas. Values average less than 3 ng/g dw sediment, however, a few samples contained up to 7 ng/g dw sediment. Sediments with the highest concentrations were located in the Punta Morales area, where muds were sampled from among mangrove roots. The Puntarenas samples had surprisingly low PCB concentrations, likely due to their sandy lithology. The congener distribution within the majority of the samples showed signs of either recent sources or lack of degradation. However, a few sites, specifically some of the inter-gulf islands and more remote samples had congener distributions indicative of airborne contaminants and/or degradation. Considering the presence of air-borne PCBs in the Gulf of Papagayo to the north, the lack of airborne PCBs and more varied congener distribution in the Gulf of Nicoya estuary was surprising


Se analizó los bifenilos policlorados (PCB) en 31 muestras de sedimentos colectadas entre 1996 -2003 en el estuario del Golfo de Nicoya, costa noroeste de Costa Rica. Esto es parte de un primer estudio para evaluar la contaminación por PCB en aguas costeras de Costa Rica. En general, las concentraciones fueron bajas especialmente cuando se les compara con sedimentos de climas templados y / o sedimentos de areas altamente industrializadas. Los valores promedio son inferiores a 3 ng / dw (peso seco) de sedimento. Sin embargo, unas pocas muestras contienen hasta 7 ng/ g dw de sedimento. Los sedimentos con las concentraciones más altas están localizados en el area de Punta Morales, en cienos de entre raíces de mangle. Las concentraciones de PCB en Puntarenas fueron sorprendentemente bajas, posiblemente por el tipo arenoso del sustrato. La distribución de congéneres dentro de la mayoría de las muestras muestran señal de una reciente contaminación o carencia de degradación . Sin embargo, en unos pocos sitios, específicamente en las islas internas del Golfo y otras areas más remotas tienen distribuciones de congéneres que indican contaminación por vía aerea y /o degradación. Cuando se considera la presencia de PCB transportados por via aerea en el Golfo de Papagayo al Norte, es sorprendente la ausencia en el Golfo de Nicoya de estos PCB y una distribución más variada de congéneres


Subject(s)
Humans , Environmental Monitoring , Environmental Pollutants/pharmacokinetics , Environmental Pollution/analysis , Geologic Sediments/chemistry , Polychlorinated Biphenyls/pharmacokinetics , Air Pollutants , Chromatography, Gas , Climate , Chemical Warfare Agents/analysis , Chlorine/analysis , Costa Rica/epidemiology , Ecosystem , Environmental Pollutants/analysis , Environmental Pollution/statistics & numerical data , Pacific Ocean , Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis , Reference Values , Seawater , Temperature , Water Pollution, Chemical/analysis
17.
Rev. biol. trop ; 52(supl.2): 23-32, dic. 2004. tab, graf, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-450919

ABSTRACT

Twenty-nine marine sediment samples collected from 1996 through 2002 from the Golfo Dulce embayment of Costa Rica were analyzed for PCB concentrations. The Esquinas River and Rincon Bay in the northern and western part of the gulf had relatively low overall concentrations of PCBs, with no samples having greater than 2.1 µg/g dw sediment. The Port of Golfito had the highest overall concentrations, ranging up to 15.7 µg/g dw sediment. These samples were also dominated by higher chlorinated congeners. Samples from the deeper (>100m) waters in the northern part of the gulf, as well as within the sediment plume from the Rio Coto Colorado had intermediate values. Within the Rio Coto Colorado sediment plume the concentrations did decrease with increasing depth and the congeners showed a shift towards less chlorinated congeners with depth. However, the deep northern basin had some of the highest PCB concentrations and the shift towards less chlorinated congeners was not apparent or significant. Whether the anoxic conditions that exist in the deep waters are capable of initiating dechlorination is still unknown. Overall, the data from Golfo Dulce show moderate PCB contamination, despite the pristine nature of the gulf and surrounding lands


Un total de 29 muestras de sedimentos recolectadas de 1996 a 2002 en el Golfo Dulce, Costa Rica fueron analizadas determinar las concentraciones de bifenilos policlorinados (PCBs). La Bahía de Rincón y el Río Esquinas en la parte noroeste del Golfo tienen concentraciones relativamente bajas de PCBs, con ninguna muestras superando los 2.1 ug/ dw (peso seco) de sedimento. El puerto de Golfito tuvo las mayores concentraciones hasta un máximo de 15.7 ug/g dw de sedimento. Estas muestras también estuvieron dominadas por los congéneres más clorinados. Las muestras de los sedimentos profundos (>100 m ) de las aguas de la parte norte del Golfo, así como las de la estela del Río Coto Colorado, tienen concentraciones intermedias. Dentro de la estela de sedimentos del Río Colorado las concentraciones aumentaron con la profundidad y los congéneres variaron con la profundidad hacia los menos clorinados. Sin embargo, la región profunda tuvo una de las más altas concentraciones de PCBs, pero la tendencia hacia los menos clorinados no fue aparente o significativa. No se conoce si las condiciones anóxicas en las aguas profundas son capaces de iniciar la declorización. En general, las muestras analizadas muestran concentraciones moderadas de PCBs, no obstante las condiciones pristinas del Golfo y su cuenca


Subject(s)
Humans , Environmental Monitoring , Environmental Pollutants/pharmacokinetics , Environmental Pollution/analysis , Geologic Sediments/chemistry , Polychlorinated Biphenyls/pharmacokinetics , Air Pollutants , Chromatography, Gas , Chemical Warfare Agents/analysis , Chlorine/analysis , Costa Rica/epidemiology , Ecosystem , Environmental Pollutants/analysis , Environmental Pollution/statistics & numerical data , Pacific Ocean , Polychlorinated Biphenyls/analysis , Seawater , Temperature , Water Pollution, Chemical/analysis
18.
Rev. biol. trop ; 52(supl.2): 43-50, dic. 2004. ilus, graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-450921

ABSTRACT

Entre los años 2000 a 2002 se recolectaron y se analizaron 130 muestras de agua de mar en las costas de Costa Rica, para determinarles la concentración de hidrocarburos de petróleo disueltos y dispersos (HPDD), referida a equivalentes de criseno en hexano, y expresada como µg·L-1. Se utilizó la técnica analítica de fluorescencia molecular. 42 muestras correspondieron al Caribe (Moín) y 81 al Pacífico (Bahía Culebra, Golfo de Nicoya, Golfo Dulce y en una ocasión se tomaron muestras a lo largo del Estero de Puntarenas). En la zona costera de Moín el promedio de la concentración de HPDD fue 0.10 µg·L-1, con una desviación estándar de ± 0.18 µg·L-1, en un ámbito desde concentraciones no detectables por el método, (nd), hasta 0.65 µg·L-1. En el Pacífico las concentraciones para todo el período del estudio, estuvieron entre nd y 0.37 µg·L-1. En la Bahía Culebra no se detectaron HPDD en ninguna de las muestras (n = 12); en el Golfo de Nicoya el promedio y la desviación estándar fueron 0.04 µg·L-1 ± 0.09 µg·L-1 (n = 51), en un ámbito desde nd hasta 0.33 µg·L-1. En el Golfo Dulce el promedio y la desviación estándar fueron 0.05 µg·L-1 ± 0.11 µg·L-1 (n = 18), en el ámbito desde nd a 0.37 µg·L-1. Durante las fechas en que se llevó a cabo el muestreo, no se encontró una situación de contaminación por petróleo en los ecosistemas costeros estudiados, puesto que las concentraciones de HPDD no rebasaron el límite de 10 µg·L-1 referido a equivalentes de criseno, considerado típico de áreas oceánicas contaminadas. En Bahía Culebra fue la primera vez que se hizo el estudio de la contaminación por petróleo y se comprobó que en las fechas de muestreo la zona estuvo libre de esta contaminación. El promedio y la desviación estándar en el Estero de Puntarenas fueron 1.21 µg·L-1 ± 2.10 µg·L-1 (n = 7), en un ámbito de 0.17 a 5.91 µg·L-1. Estos resultados evidenciaron una situación de contaminación moderada y la naturaleza estuarina de este cuerpo de agua costera, que distribuye irregularmente los HPDD descargados en ella


Four coastal ecosystems with contrasting characteristics were sampled in Costa Rica (2000 – 2002). Oil pollution status, expressed as the fraction of dissolved/dispersed petroleum hydrocarbons related to chrysene equivalents, was determined by the molecular fluorescence analytical technique. A total of 130 water samples were taken, from the Caribbean (Moín Bay), and from the Pacific (Bahía Culebra, Gulf of Nicoya and Dulce Gulf). On one occasion, seven samples along the Puntarenas estuary were also analysed. In Moín the mean and standard deviation were 0.10 µg·L-1 ± 0.18 µg·L-1, ranging from non detectable (nd) to 0.65 µg·L-1. For the Pacific ecosystems the total range was from nd to 0.37 µg·L-1. In Bahía Culebra no fluorescence signals were obtained. In the Gulf of Nicoya the mean and standard deviation were 0.04 µg·L-1 ± 0.09 µg·L-1, from nd to 0.33 µg·L-1. Values in Dulce Gulf were 0.05 µg·L-1 ± 0.11 µg·L-1, from nd to 0.37 µg·L-1. Along the Puntarenas estuary the range was 0.17 to 5.91 µg·L-1, with a mean of 1.21 µg·L-1 and a standard deviation of ± 2.10 µg·L-1. The four coastal ecosystems had concentrations below the 10 µg·L-1 limit for polluted oceanic areas. The Puntarenas estuary reflects the influence of antropogenic activities from and around the City of Puntarenas. These levels are considered low for inshore waters


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Environmental Monitoring , Fuel Oils/analysis , Hydrocarbons, Aromatic/analysis , Seawater/chemistry , Water Pollution, Chemical , Water Pollution, Chemical/analysis , Caribbean Region , Disasters , Ecosystem , Pacific Ocean , Spectrometry, Fluorescence
19.
Rev. cuba. hig. epidemiol ; 42(2)mayo-ago. 2004. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-396617

ABSTRACT

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de la determinación de nitrógeno amoniacal y total por el método del fenato en aguas, con el propósito de evaluar los indicadores de calidad aplicados para la validación de métodos de ensayos en el laboratorio de Química Inorgánica del INHEM. Se evaluaron como indicadores de calidad: la precisión, el sesgo y la incertidumbre, los cuales fueron obtenidos en el rango lineal del gráfico de calibración. Se reporta el límite de detección del método así como la concentración de nitrógeno amoniacal y total de muestras de aguas de consumo y residuales procesadas por el método evaluado. Se procesaron muestras de aguas por los métodos indicados en el presente trabajo y se comprobó la normalidad en la distribución de los resultados mediante el test de Shapiro Wilk's W


Subject(s)
Ammonia/analysis , Nitrogen Compounds/analysis , Water Pollution, Chemical/analysis , Drinking Water , Wastewater , Water Quality Control
20.
J Environ Biol ; 2004 Jan; 25(1): 89-92
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-113903

ABSTRACT

A total of fifty-two foraminiferal species belonging to 23 genera and 16 families were recorded from Arasalar estuary for a period of one year (July 2000 to June 2001). Miliammina fusca, Quinqueloculina agglutinans, Q. seminula, Cibicides refulgens, Ammonia beccarii, Elphidium clavatum, E. incertum are the abundant species. Due to marine water influence the number and populations of foraminifera was high during summer and premonsoon seasons. The various ecological parameters such as temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen of bottom water and sediment organic matter were studied. Salinity is the key factor for governing distribution and abundance of foraminifera of this estuary.


Subject(s)
Animals , Ecosystem , Environmental Monitoring , Geologic Sediments/analysis , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , India , Marine Biology , Organic Chemicals , Oxygen , Eukaryota/physiology , Seasons , Temperature , Water Pollution, Chemical/analysis
SELECTION OF CITATIONS
SEARCH DETAIL