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1.
Rev. cuba. invest. bioméd ; 36(3): 0-0, set. 2017.
Article in Spanish | LILACS, CUMED | ID: biblio-960467

ABSTRACT

La tiroides es una glándula situada en el cuello, encargada de producir dos hormonas que son esenciales para el metabolismo y el crecimiento de las personas: la triyodotironina (T3) y la tiroxina (T4). La producción en exceso o la falta de estas hormonas provoca hipertiroidismo en el primer caso e hipotiriodismo en el segundo. Ambas disfunciones de la tiroides se tratan con fármacos. En este trabajo de revisión se mostrarán los efectos del ejercicio físico en las personas que sufren bien de hipertiroidismo o de hipotiroidismo, siendo un complemento al tratamiento médico(AU)


The thyroid is a gland located in the neck, responsible for producing two hormones that are essential for the metabolism and growth of people: triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). The excess production or the lack of these hormones causes hyperthyroidism in the first case and hypothyroidism in the second. Both thyroid dysfunctions are treated with drugs. This review will show the effects of physical activity in people who suffer from hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, being a complement to medical treatment(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Thyroid Diseases/prevention & control , Complement System Proteins , Exercise/physiology , High-Intensity Interval Training/methods , Thyroid Hormones/standards , Zinc/therapeutic use , Environment
2.
The Korean Journal of Critical Care Medicine ; : 340-346, 2017.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-771020

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scoring system and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scoring system are widely used for critically ill patients. We evaluated whether APACHE II score and SOFA score predict the outcome for trauma patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed trauma patients admitted to the ICU in a single trauma center between January 2014 and December 2015. The APACHE II score was figured out based on the data acquired from the first 24 hours of admission; the SOFA score was evaluated based on the first 3 days in the ICU. A total of 241 patients were available for analysis. Injury Severity score, APACHE II score, and SOFA score were evaluated. RESULTS: The overall survival rate was 83.4%. The non-survival group had a significantly high APACHE II score (24.1 ± 8.1 vs. 12.3 ± 7.2, P < 0.001) and SOFA score (7.7 ± 1.7 vs. 4.3 ± 1.9, P < 0.001) at admission. SOFA score had the highest areas under the curve (0.904). During the first 3 days, SOFA score remained high in the non-survival group. In the non-survival group, cardiovascular system, neurological system, renal system, and coagulation system scores were significantly higher. CONCLUSIONS: In ICU trauma patients, both SOFA and APACHE II scores were good predictors of outcome, with the SOFA score being the most effective. In trauma ICU patients, the trauma scoring system should be complemented, recognizing that multi-organ failure is an important factor for mortality.


Subject(s)
Humans , APACHE , Cardiovascular System , Complement System Proteins , Critical Care , Critical Illness , Injury Severity Score , Intensive Care Units , Mortality , Multiple Trauma , Retrospective Studies , Survival Rate , Trauma Centers
3.
Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics ; (12): 837-840, 2017.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-297198

ABSTRACT

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) vasculitis is the most common leukocytoclastic small-vessel vasculitis in children and mainly involves the small vessels in the skin, joints, digestive tract, and kidneys. Its pathogenesis is still unclear. Currently, it is believed that environmental factors can cause autoimmune dysfunction and lead to the deposition of IgA-containing immune complexes on the wall of arterioles on the basis of genetic factors. This article reviews the research advances in the role of immune factors in the pathogenesis of IgA vasculitis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Autoantibodies , Complement System Proteins , Physiology , Cytokines , Physiology , Glycosylation , Immunoglobulin A , Immunoglobulin E , Metabolism , Vasculitis , Allergy and Immunology
4.
International Journal of Thyroidology ; : 24-35, 2017.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-29554

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ancillary tests such as BRAF(V600E) mutation or immunohistochemical (IHC) assays have been utilized as complements to morphological criteria in diagnosing subsets of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Utilizing results from analysis by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we evaluated the diagnostic value and feasibility of these ancillary tests in diagnosing follicular variant PTC (FVPTC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical data and tissue samples were analyzed from 370 PTC patients, who had undergone thyroidectomy between December 2003 and July 2014. PTC was limited to conventional PTC (CVPTC), tall cell variant PTC (TCPTC), and FVPTC. Using multivariate analyses, FVPTC cases were compared to CVPTC and TCPTC cases. Surgical specimens were pyrosequenced for BRAF(V600E) mutation or stained for IHC markers such as CD56, galectin-3, cytokeratin 19 (CK19), or CD31. For the validation, a comprehensive analysis was performed for BRAF(V600E) mutation and quantitative mRNA expressional difference in TCGA. RESULTS: Demographic differences were not observed between 159 CVPTC, 103 TCPTC, and 108 FVPTC cases. BRAF(V600E) mutation predominated in CVPTC+TCPTC group, but not in FVPTC group (78.4% vs. 18.7%, p<0.001), as suggested by TCGA (57.4% vs. 12.1%, p<0.0001). IHC markers significantly distinguished FVPTC cases from CVPTC+TCPTC cases. CD56 exhibited more intense staining in FVPTC cases (21.1% vs. 72.0%, p<0.001). Galectin-3 and CK19 yielded limited values. CD31 correlated with lymphovascular invasion (r=0.847, p<0.001). In analysis of TCGA, mRNA differential expression of these genes revealed their corresponding upregulation or downregulation. CONCLUSION: BRAF(V600E) mutation or TCGA-validated IHC assay could be recommended as ancillary tests for classifying PTC.


Subject(s)
Humans , Complement System Proteins , Down-Regulation , Galectin 3 , Genome , Keratin-19 , Multivariate Analysis , RNA, Messenger , Thyroid Gland , Thyroid Neoplasms , Thyroidectomy , Up-Regulation
5.
Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine ; : 63-72, 2017.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-10603

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: Hyperstimulation methods are broadly used for in vitro fertilization (IVF) in patients with infertility; however, the side effects associated with these therapies, such as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), have not been well studied. N-glycoproteomes are subproteomes used for the remote sensing of ovarian stimulation in follicular growth. Glycoproteomic variation in human follicular fluid (hFF) has not been evaluated. In this study, we aimed to identify and quantify the glycoproteomes and N-glycoproteins (N-GPs) in natural and stimulated hFF using label-free nano-liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-quad time-of-flight mass spectrometry. METHODS: For profiling of the total proteome and glycoproteome, pooled protein samples from natural and stimulated hFF samples were selectively isolated using hydrazide chemistry to obtain the total proteomes and glycoproteomes. N-GPs were validated by the consensus sequence N-X-S/T (92.2% specificity for the N-glycomotif at p<0.05). All data were compared between natural versus hyperstimulated hFF samples. RESULTS: We detected 41 and 44 N-GPs in the natural and stimulated hFF samples, respectively. Importantly, we identified 11 N-GPs with greater than two-fold upregulation in stimulated hFF samples compared to natural hFF samples. We also validated the novel N-GPs thyroxine-binding globulin, vitamin D-binding protein, and complement proteins C3 and C9. CONCLUSION: We identified and classified N-GPs in hFF to improve our understanding of follicular physiology in patients requiring assisted reproduction. Our results provided important insights into the prevention of hyperstimulation side effects, such as OHSS.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Chemistry , Complement System Proteins , Consensus Sequence , Fertilization in Vitro , Follicular Fluid , In Vitro Techniques , Infertility , Mass Spectrometry , Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome , Ovulation Induction , Physiology , Proteome , Proteomics , Reproduction , Sensitivity and Specificity , Thyroxine-Binding Globulin , Up-Regulation , Vitamin D-Binding Protein
6.
Korean Journal of Critical Care Medicine ; : 340-346, 2017.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-20758

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scoring system and the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scoring system are widely used for critically ill patients. We evaluated whether APACHE II score and SOFA score predict the outcome for trauma patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed trauma patients admitted to the ICU in a single trauma center between January 2014 and December 2015. The APACHE II score was figured out based on the data acquired from the first 24 hours of admission; the SOFA score was evaluated based on the first 3 days in the ICU. A total of 241 patients were available for analysis. Injury Severity score, APACHE II score, and SOFA score were evaluated. RESULTS: The overall survival rate was 83.4%. The non-survival group had a significantly high APACHE II score (24.1 ± 8.1 vs. 12.3 ± 7.2, P < 0.001) and SOFA score (7.7 ± 1.7 vs. 4.3 ± 1.9, P < 0.001) at admission. SOFA score had the highest areas under the curve (0.904). During the first 3 days, SOFA score remained high in the non-survival group. In the non-survival group, cardiovascular system, neurological system, renal system, and coagulation system scores were significantly higher. CONCLUSIONS: In ICU trauma patients, both SOFA and APACHE II scores were good predictors of outcome, with the SOFA score being the most effective. In trauma ICU patients, the trauma scoring system should be complemented, recognizing that multi-organ failure is an important factor for mortality.


Subject(s)
Humans , APACHE , Cardiovascular System , Complement System Proteins , Critical Care , Critical Illness , Injury Severity Score , Intensive Care Units , Mortality , Multiple Trauma , Retrospective Studies , Survival Rate , Trauma Centers
7.
Chinese Journal of Traumatology ; (6): 95-97, 2015.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-316843

ABSTRACT

Acute coagulopathy of trauma-shock (ACoTS) occurs in 25% of patients with severe trauma in the early phase, and the mortality of those patients is four-fold higher than patients without coagulopathy. The pathophysiology of this complicated phenomenon has been focused on in recent years. Tissue injury and hypoperfusion, activated protein C and Complements play important roles in the early phase after trauma. While the use of blood products, hypothermia, acidosis and inflammation are the main mechanism in late phase. Supplementing coagulation factors and platelets to improve ACoTS are inefficient. Only positive resuscitation from shock and improving tissue hypoperfusion have expected benefits.


Subject(s)
Humans , Blood Coagulation Disorders , Complement System Proteins , Physiology , Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation , Hypothermia , Inflammation , Protein C , Physiology , Shock, Traumatic
8.
Korean Journal of Pediatrics ; : 239-244, 2015.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-28898

ABSTRACT

The complement system is part of the innate immune response and as such defends against invading pathogens, removes immune complexes and damaged self-cells, aids organ regeneration, confers neuroprotection, and engages with the adaptive immune response via T and B cells. Complement activation can either benefit or harm the host organism; thus, the complement system must maintain a balance between activation on foreign or modified self surfaces and inhibition on intact host cells. Complement regulators are essential for maintaining this balance and are classified as soluble regulators, such as factor H, and membrane-bound regulators. Defective complement regulators can damage the host cell and result in the accumulation of immunological debris. Moreover, defective regulators are associated with several autoimmune diseases such as atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, dense deposit disease, age-related macular degeneration, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms by which the complement system is regulated is important for the development of novel therapies for complement-associated diseases.


Subject(s)
Adaptive Immunity , Antigen-Antibody Complex , Autoimmune Diseases , Autoimmunity , B-Lymphocytes , Complement Activation , Complement Factor H , Complement System Proteins , Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative , Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome , Immunity, Innate , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic , Macular Degeneration , Physiology , Regeneration
9.
Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (Medical Sciences) ; (6): 102-106, 2013.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-343136

ABSTRACT

Accommodated organs can survive in the presence of anti-organ antibodies and complement. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is essential to ensure accommodation in concordant xenotransplant models. However, whether induction of HO-1 over-expression could protect porcine endothelial cells (PECs) against human xenoantibodies and complement-mediated lysis and induce an in vitro accommodation is still unknown. The SV40-immortalized porcine aorta-derived endothelial cell line (iPEC) was pre-incubated with 20, 50, or 80 μmol/L of cobalt-protoporphyrins IX (CoPPIX) for 24 h, and the HO-1 expression in iPECs was analyzed by using Western blotting. CoPPIX-treated or untreated iPECs were incubated with normal human AB sera, and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) was measured by both flow cytometry and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. In vitro treatment with CoPPIX significantly increased the expression of HO-1 in iPECs in a dose-dependent manner. Over-expression of HO-1 was successfully achieved by incubation of iPECs with either 50 or 80 μmol/L of CoPPIX. However, HO-1 over-expression did not show any protective effects on iPECs against normal human sera-mediated cell lysis. In conclusion, induction of HO-1 over-expression alone is not enough to protect PECs from human xenoantibodies and complement-mediated humoral injury. Additionally, use of other protective strategies is needed to achieve accommodation in pig-to-primate xenotransplantation.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Antibodies, Heterophile , Allergy and Immunology , Cell Line , Complement System Proteins , Allergy and Immunology , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Endothelial Cells , Allergy and Immunology , Heme Oxygenase-1 , Metabolism , Protoporphyrins , Pharmacology , Swine , Up-Regulation
10.
Chinese Medical Journal ; (24): 2374-2379, 2013.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-322194

ABSTRACT

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To review the mechanisms by which HIV evades different components of the host immune system.</p><p><b>DATA SOURCES</b>This review is based on data obtained from published articles from 1991 to 2012. To perform the PubMed literature search, the following key words were input: HIV and immune evasion.</p><p><b>STUDY SELECTION</b>Articles containing information related to HIV immune evasion were selected.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Although HIV is able to induce vigorous antiviral immune responses, viral replication cannot be fully controlled, and neither pre-existing infected cells nor latent HIV infection can be completely eradicated. Like many other enveloped viruses, HIV can escape recognition by the innate and adaptive immune systems. Recent findings have demonstrated that HIV can also successfully evade host restriction factors, the components of intrinsic immune system, such as APOBEC3G (apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G), TRIM5α (tripartite motif 5-α), tetherin, and SAMHD1 (SAM-domain HD-domain containing protein).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>HIV immune evasion plays an important role in HIV pathogenesis. Fully understanding the tactics deployed by HIV to evade various components of the host immune systems will allow for the development of novel strategies aimed toward the prevention and cure of HIV/AIDS.</p>


Subject(s)
Humans , APOBEC-3G Deaminase , Adaptive Immunity , Antibodies, Neutralizing , Allergy and Immunology , Antigens, CD , Physiology , Carrier Proteins , Physiology , Complement System Proteins , Allergy and Immunology , Cytidine Deaminase , Physiology , GPI-Linked Proteins , Physiology , HIV-1 , Allergy and Immunology , Immune Evasion , Killer Cells, Natural , Allergy and Immunology , Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins , Physiology , SAM Domain and HD Domain-Containing Protein 1
11.
Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research ; : 206-208, 2010.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-100698

ABSTRACT

Beef allergies are relatively rare, especially in adults. However, clinical manifestations can vary from urticaria, angioedema, anaphylaxis to gastrointestinal symptoms. Currently available tests, such as skin testing or in vitro determination of beef-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), do not provide an accurate diagnosis of beef allergy. The recent development of the basophil activation test (BAT) presents a new opportunity for the diagnosis of food allergies. Here, we report a 37-year-old woman with a history of recurrent generalised urticaria, nausea, vomiting and hypotension after ingestion of beef, suggesting a beef allergy. Although the skin prick test and serum specific IgE to beef, pork and milk allergens showed negative results using commercial kits, the BAT showed significant upregulation of CD203c in a dose-dependent manner compared to both non-atopic and atopic controls. To our knowledge, this is the first case study of beef allergy consisting of a non-IgE-mediated reaction. The detection of food allergies using direct basophil activation is suggested to complement conventional diagnostic tests.


Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Humans , Allergens , Anaphylaxis , Angioedema , Basophils , Complement System Proteins , Diagnostic Tests, Routine , Eating , Food Hypersensitivity , Hypersensitivity , Hypotension , Immunoglobulin E , Immunoglobulins , Milk , Nausea , Skin , Skin Tests , Up-Regulation , Urticaria , Vomiting
12.
Korean Journal of Medicine ; : 403-408, 2010.
Article in Korean | WPRIM | ID: wpr-227590

ABSTRACT

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic inflammatory disease in which all the key components of the immune system are involved to break immune tolerance and to cause tissue inflammation. Breach of immune tolerance as evidenced by the appearance of autoantibodies is observed long before disease onset. Candidate gene analyses or genome-wide scans suggest that multiple genetic loci affecting both innate and adaptive immunity are involved in determining disease susceptibility. These genetic evidences have been further supported by abnormalities found in the cells and molecules influenced by these genes. Autoantigen accumulation by ineffective clearance of apoptotic cells due to impaired innate immune system provides persistent antigenic stimuli to expand and differentiate autoreactive T cells. Certain HLA genes further promote autoreactive T cell expansion by affecting either T cell receptor-peptide-MHC interactions or T cell repertoire selection. Defects in T cell signaling render them hyper-responsive to antigen stimuli and resistant to activation-induced cell death. B cell signaling defects help autoreactive B cells escape into periphery, lower activation threshold, and prolong survival. Pathogenic autoantibodies are produced as a result of accumulation of these abnormalities, followed by immune complex formation, complement fixation, and finally tissue damage. This review will discuss in detail the series of events involved in the break-down of immune tolerance in SLE.


Subject(s)
Adaptive Immunity , Antigen-Antibody Complex , Autoantibodies , Autoimmunity , B-Lymphocytes , Cell Death , Complement System Proteins , Disease Susceptibility , Genetic Association Studies , Genetic Loci , Immune System , Immune Tolerance , Inflammation , Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic , T-Lymphocytes , United Nations
13.
Journal of Korean Medical Science ; : 514-520, 2008.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-201065

ABSTRACT

The understanding of main mechanisms that determine the ability of immune privilege related to Sertoli cells (SCs) will provide clues for promoting a local tolerogenic environment. In this study, we evaluated the property of humoral and cellular immune response modulation provided by porcine SCs. Porcine SCs were resistant to human antibody and complement-mediated formation of the membrane attack complex (38.41+/-2.77% vs. 55.02+/-5.44%, p=0.027) and cell lysis (42.95+/-1.75% vs. 87.99 +/-2.25%, p<0.001) compared to immortalized aortic endothelial cells, suggesting that porcine SCs are able to escape cellular lysis associated with complement activation by producing one or more immunoprotective factors that may be capable of inhibiting membrane attack complex formation. On the other hand, porcine SCs and their culture supernatant suppressed the up-regulation of CD40 expression (p<0.05) on DCs in the presence of LPS stimulation. These novel findings, as we know, suggest that immune modulatory effects of porcine SCs in the presence of other antigen can be obtained from the first step of antigen presentation. These might open optimistic perspectives for the use of porcine SCs in tolerance induction eliminating the need for chronic immunosuppressive drugs.


Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Male , Mice , Antibodies, Heterophile/immunology , Antibody Formation/immunology , CD40 Antigens/immunology , Aorta/cytology , Cell Line, Transformed , Cell Survival/immunology , Complement Membrane Attack Complex/immunology , Complement System Proteins/immunology , Dendritic Cells/cytology , Endothelial Cells/cytology , Epitopes/immunology , Immune Tolerance/immunology , Immunity, Cellular/immunology , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Sertoli Cells/cytology , Swine , Tissue Engineering , Transplantation, Heterologous
14.
Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Säo Paulo ; 49(2): 97-101, Mar.-Apr. 2007. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-449795

ABSTRACT

Since there are no studies evaluating the participation of the complement system (CS) in Jorge Lobo's disease and its activity on the fungus Lacazia loboi, we carried out the present investigation. Fungal cells with a viability index of 48 percent were obtained from the footpads of BALB/c mice and incubated with a pool of inactivated serum from patients with the mycosis or with sterile saline for 30 min at 37 °C. Next, the tubes were incubated for 2 h with a pool of noninactivated AB+ serum, inactivated serum, serum diluted in EGTA-MgCl2, and serum diluted in EDTA. The viability of L. loboi was evaluated and the fungal suspension was cytocentrifuged. The slides were submitted to immunofluorescence staining using human anti-C3 antibody. The results revealed that 98 percent of the fungi activated the CS by the alternative pathway and no significant difference in L. loboi viability was observed after CS activation. In parallel, frozen histological sections from 11 patients were analyzed regarding the presence of C3 and IgG by immunofluorescence staining. C3 and IgG deposits were observed in the fungal wall of 100 percent and 91 percent of the lesions evaluated, respectively. The results suggest that the CS and immunoglobulins may contribute to the defense mechanisms of the host against L. loboi.


Considerando que não existe nenhum estudo avaliando a participação do sistema complemento (SC) na doença de Jorge Lobo e sua atividade sobre o fungo Lacazia loboi, realizamos o presente trabalho. Os fungos foram obtidos dos coxins plantares de camundongos BALB/c com índice de viabilidade de 48 por cento e, em seguida, foram incubados com pool de soro inativado de pacientes ou com solução salina estéril (SSE) por 30 min, a 37 °C. Os tubos foram incubados, por 2 h, com pool de soro AB+ sem inativar, inativado, diluído em EGTA-MgCl2 e EDTA. A viabilidade do L. loboi foi avaliada e a suspensão fúngica foi citocentrifugada. As lâminas foram submetidas à técnica de imunofluorescência empregando o anticorpo anti-C3 humano. Os resultados revelaram que 98 por cento dos fungos ativaram o SC pela via alternativa e que não houve diferença significante na viabilidade do L. loboi após ativação do SC. Em paralelo, cortes histológicos congelados de 11 pacientes foram avaliados quanto à presença de C3 e IgG, pela técnica de imunofluorescência. Foram encontrados depósitos de C3 e de IgG na parede dos fungos em 100 por cento e 91 por cento das lesões avaliadas, respectivamente. Os resultados sugerem que o SC e as imunoglobulinas poderiam contribuir nos mecanismos de defesa do hospedeiro contra o L. loboi.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Mice , Complement Activation/physiology , Complement System Proteins/physiology , Immunoglobulins/immunology , Paracoccidioides/physiology , Complement Activation/immunology , /immunology , /physiology , Complement System Proteins/immunology , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , Mice, Inbred BALB C , Paracoccidioides/immunology
15.
Indian J Pediatr ; 2007 Feb; 74(2): 185-91
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-78927

ABSTRACT

The neutrophils and complement system are the critical elements of innate immunity mainly due to participation in the first line of defense against microorganisms by means of phagocytosis, lysis of bacteria and activation of naive B-lymphocytes. In this report we provide an overview of the up to date information regarding the neutrophil and complement system's functional ability in newborn infants in association with the maternal conditions that exist during the intrauterine stage, gestational age and post-neonatal pathology. The neonates' capacity to control the neutrophil and complement protein activation process has also been discussed because of the evidence that uncontrolled activation of these immune elements provides a significant contribution to the tissue damage and subsequent pathology. The authors are confident that despite the many unanswered questions this review updates their knowledge and points the need for further research to clarify the role of the age-associated dysfunction of neutrophils and complement system in the infection and inflammation related pathology of newborn infants.


Subject(s)
Complement System Proteins/immunology , Female , Humans , Immunity, Innate/physiology , Immunity, Maternally-Acquired/physiology , Infant, Newborn/immunology , Male , Neutrophils/immunology , Risk Factors , Sensitivity and Specificity
16.
The Korean Journal of Parasitology ; : 127-131, 2006.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-113936

ABSTRACT

The furcocercus cercariae of Neodiplostomum seoulense (Digenea: Neodiplostomidae) penetrate the skins of tadpoles and shed their tails. The speculated mechanism of this tail loss was physical efforts required to produce a vigorous zigzag motion during skin penetration; no other mechanism has been proposed. We examined the relationship between the host serum and cercarial tail loss. Cercariae of N. seoulense were collected from experimentally infected Segmentina hemisphaerula, and lots of 300 cercariae were cultured in medium 199 contained several types of sera. Cercarial tail degradation was induced in all media, but all the cercariae cultured except those cultured in media containing fetal bovine serum (FBS) died within 48 hr. After 72 hr cultivation in media containing FBS, cercarial tail degradation was induced in 67.0%; in continuous cultivation 13.3% of larvae survived for 7 days. Tail degradation did not occur in the absence of serum and when serum was heat inactivated at 56 degrees C for 30 min. The addition of 20 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) blocked cercarial tail degradation completely. Moreover, the addition of 20 mM MgCl2 restored tail degradation blocked by EDTA. These results suggest that the alternative complement pathway is related with the N. seoulense cercarial tail degradation induced by serum.


Subject(s)
Animals , Trematoda/physiology , Tail/physiology , Larva/parasitology , Complement System Proteins/immunology , Anura/parasitology
17.
Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica ; (12): 976-981, 2005.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-253509

ABSTRACT

<p><b>AIM</b>Poly (methoxypolyethyleneglycol cyanoacrylate-co-hexadecyl cyanoacrylate) (PEG-PHDCA) and PHDCA niosomes were prepared and the influence of the PEG chain length on the niosomes physicochemical characteristics, complement consumption and phagocytic uptake were studied.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The physicochemical parameters of PEG-PHDCA niosomes were characterized in terms of particle size, zeta aqueous layer thickness. The relationship between physicochemical characteristics and in vitro complement consumption and phagocytic uptake was further illustrated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Experimental results showed that PEG10,000-PHDCA had most loose structure and least PEG surface density among three groups. Configuration simulation through fixed aqueous layer thickness confirmed that PEG folding and less flexibility of the PEG chains of PEG10,000-PHDCA niosomes were accountable for its poor stealth effects. Compared with PEG2,000-PHDCA, PEG5,000-PHDCA showed a thicker fixed aqueous layer (FALT) of 4.20 nm, less negative zeta potential of -10.03 mV, and enhanced PEG surface density of 0.49 PEG x nm(-2), leading to the best effects of reduction of complement consumption and phagocytic uptake.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Excessive chain length of PEG was not necessary for stealth effects of PEG-PHDCA niosomes. PEG5,000-PHDCA niosomes had best effects on evading complement consumption and subsequent phagocytic uptake.</p>


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic , Pharmacokinetics , Camptothecin , Pharmacokinetics , Complement System Proteins , Metabolism , Cyanoacrylates , Chemistry , Drug Carriers , Macrophages , Physiology , Particle Size , Phagocytosis , Polyethylene Glycols , Chemistry , Surface Properties
18.
Korean Journal of Pediatrics ; : 461-468, 2005.
Article in Korean | WPRIM | ID: wpr-94993

ABSTRACT

The major function of immune system is to protect infections. The immune systems are composed of innate and adaptive immunity. In adaptive immunity, the cellular and humoral components interact each other. Neonates and infants are infected frequently, because immune systems are naive and easy to expose to infectious agents. The complete history and physical examination is essential to evaluate the child with recurrent infections. The environmental risk factors of recurrent infections are day care center, cigarette smoke, and air pollution. The underlying diseases such as immunodeficiency, autoimmune diseases, allergy, and disorders of anatomy or physiology increase the susceptibility to infections. In immunodeficiency, infections are characterized by severe, chronic, recurrent, and unusual microbial agents infection. The defects of antibody production are susceptible to sinopulmonary bacterial infections. T cells defects are vulerable to numerous organisms such as virus, fungi, bacteria and etc. The screening tests for immune functions are the quantitative and qualitative measurements of each immune components. A complete blood count with white blood cell, differential, and platelet provide quantitative informations of immune components. Total complement and immunoglobulin levels represent the humoral component. Antibody levels of previously injected vaccines also provide informations of the antigen specific antibody immune responses. T cell and subsets count is quantitative measurement of cell mediated immunity. Delayed hypersensitivity skin test is a crude measurement of T cell function. The long term outcome of children with recurrent infections is completely dependent on the underlying diseases, the initial time of diagnosis and therapy, continued management, and genetic counscelling.


Subject(s)
Child , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Adaptive Immunity , Air Pollution , Antibody Formation , Autoimmune Diseases , Bacteria , Bacterial Infections , Blood Cell Count , Blood Platelets , Complement System Proteins , Day Care, Medical , Diagnosis , Fungi , Hypersensitivity , Hypersensitivity, Delayed , Immune System , Immunity, Cellular , Immunoglobulins , Leukocytes , Mass Screening , Physical Examination , Physiology , Risk Factors , Skin Tests , Smoke , T-Lymphocytes , Tobacco Products , Vaccines
19.
Acta Physiologica Sinica ; (6): 172-177, 2004.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-352797

ABSTRACT

To determine whether Smac/DIABLO (second mitochondrial activator of caspases/direct inhibitor of apoptosis protein-binding protein of low isoelectric point [PI]) and XIAP (X-chromosome-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein) serve to regulate neuronal apoptosis following seizures, we investigated seizure-induced changes in caspase-9, Smac/DIABLO and XIAP protein expression and the in vivo effect of caspase-9 inhibition. Animals received unilateral intra-amygdaloid injection of kainic acid (0.5 microg) to induce seizures for 1 h. The seizures were then terminated by diazepam (30 mg/kg). Animals were killed 0, 2, 4, 8, 24 or 72 h following diazepam administration. The apoptotic and surviving neurons in hippocampus were observed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) and cresyl violet staining, the expression of Smac/DIABLO, XIAP and caspase-9 was detected with immunofluorescence and western blot. The results showed that the levels of XIAP and the 46-kDa proenzyme form of caspase-9 were unaffected by the seizures. The expression of Smac increased at 2 h and the 37-kD cleaved fragment of caspase-9 was detected at 4 h, TUNEL-positive neurons appeared at 8 h and reached maximal at 24 h following seizure cessation within the ipsilateral (the same side as the intra-amygdaloid injection of kainic acid) CA3 subfield of the hippocampus. Intracerebroventricular infusion of caspase-9 inhibitor z-LEHD-fluoromethyl ketone (z-LEHD-fmk) significantly decreased TUNEL-positive neurons and increased the number of surviving cells. Caspase-9 immunoreactivity increased and Smac/DIABLO, XIAP immunoreactivity became extensive within the ipsilateral CA3 neurons. TUNEL-positive neurons and the alterations of the expression of Smac/DIABLO and XIAP within the ipsilateral CA3 were not detected within the contralateral hippocampus. These results suggest that seizures lead the translocation of Smac/DIABLO into the cytosol, the activation of caspase-9 and the change of subcellular locoalization of XIAP. These changes may play a role in the brain damage induced by seizures. Caspase-9 is possibly a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of brain injury associated with seizures.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Amygdala , Physiology , Caspase 9 , Caspases , Genetics , Complement Membrane Attack Complex , Complement System Proteins , Glycoproteins , Genetics , Hippocampus , Metabolism , Kainic Acid , Limbic System , Microinjections , Protein Biosynthesis , Proteins , Genetics , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Seizures , Metabolism , X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein
20.
Korean Journal of Urology ; : 509-517, 2004.
Article in Korean | WPRIM | ID: wpr-72739

ABSTRACT

Recent improvement in the understanding of the continence mechanism in women have led to the development of innovative new surgical methods. Nearly 300 procedures have been proposed for the surgical treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in women. Three groups of surgical procedures and their variants have been utilized over the past decades: urethropexy, colposuspension and the sling. Many are less invasive than previous techniques and appear to offer improved safety and shorter hospital stays, while maintaining the efficacy of traditional open anti-incontinence surgery. Burch colposuspension and sling procedures still are the main stream but recently tension-free vaginal tape procedure and its variants are developed and widely performed all over the world. Pathophysiological concepts and theories on clinical staging have changed in recent years. The importance of pressure transmission and hammock- like support has been complemented by the so-called 'integral theory'. Loosely applied polyprophylene mid-urethral sling are the new gold standard therapy for female SUI. The long-term follow-up data are comparable to previous sling procedures. Transobturator mid-urethral slings are challenging to retropubic approach and under investigation. Increasing range of available procedures allows surgical treatment of SUI to be individualized for the patient. Although surgery will continue to play an important role in the treatment of SUI for women, highly qualified study are needed. Every urologist who wants to treat SUI patients has to understand physiology and pathophysiology of SUI and urodynamics, and be well trained even though new surgical techniques are easier than previous ones. That is because every surgery has its complications and surgeons have to deal them with the knowledge and experience. The field of SUI treatment is evolving continuously and undoubtfully current technique will be surpassed by newer, better concepts in the future.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Complement System Proteins , Follow-Up Studies , Length of Stay , Physiology , Rivers , Suburethral Slings , Urinary Incontinence , Urodynamics
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