[ comparative study of level and way of using defense mechanisms by diabetic and healthy individuals in 2007]

Nowadays, social relations have been become more complex and mental diseases have been raised. So, it will be necessary that people become more familiar with methods of opposition and psychological defense mechanisms which is especially important for individuals with special diseases. Purpose of the present research was to study the level and way of using defense mechanisms by diabetic and healthy people. In this case-control study, among 500 diabetic people who visited in Imam Khomeini hospital of Ardebil in years 2006- 2007, 40 diabetic and 40 healthy people were selected by systematic sampling method. Information was gathered by means of a questionnaire prepared by Qamari [1383] according to defense function measure [DSM-IV]. Data were compared between two groups by t-test. There was significant relation between education and job with the way of how using defense mechanisms. While, level of using defense mechanisms between men and women, patients and non-patients, and single and married people was not significant. In general, diabetic and non-diabetic people, especially jobless and low educated subjects need further information about defense mechanisms

Chronopharmacodynamics of intrathecal co-injection of sufentanyl and bupivacaine in orthopedic surgery of lower extremities

In chronopharmacology the biological rhythm variations caused by drug administration is assessed. Evaluation of the time of drug administration and the qualitative and quantitative effects of reactions to drugs is called Chronopharmacodynamics. In this study, we assessed the Chronopharmacodynamics of intrathecal co-administration of sufentanyl and bupivacaine in surgical operations of lower extremities. In 2006, patients aged 20-50 with ASA physical status of I and II, who underwent surgical operation of lower extremities were entered into this prospective study. The patients received a slow intrathecal injection of 10 micro g sufentanyl and 15mg bupivacaine into subarachnoid of third and fourth lumbar spaces in 30 seconds. After the operation, the time of first pain sensation and the visual analogue scale [VAS] score, as the measure of severity of pain, were recorded. 115 patients were studied in this project. The pain-free interval was considered as the time between injection and patient's demand for pain relief. This interval was 746 [ +/- 322] minutes. The average score of pain severity on VAS at the time of demand for pain relief was 24.7 [ +/- 9.3]. The average pain-free duration in patients injected about noon or at midnight was significantly longer than the pain-free interval of other patients. The results show that intrathecal co-administration of sufentanyl and bupivacaine at noon or midnight [conforming to the circadian rhythm] causes better pain-relief with longer duration in comparison with other times of the day or night