impact of Frontier sciences on textile industry

Research and development activities have been carried out world wide and moved forward positively in the twenty-first century to explore the possibilities of application of innovative technologies, e.g. biotechnology, nanotechnology, information technology, microelectronics, wearable computers.etc. in different fields, textile being one of them, to produce high performance products with minimum environmental impacts. Bio- and Nano- smart/ emerging technologies open the way to: - achieve saving in resources and energy consumption, - decline emission of pollutants, - develop innovative textile products with higher value added and functional performance properties, - satisfy the unlimited demands and requirements of the textile consumer, as well as enhance and extend the appeal, the market and the end-uses of textiles. On the other hand, successful marriage of traditional textile/ clothing technology with information and communication technology revolution opens the possibility to: - design and processing with the aid of computers, and automation control, - bring the customers much closer to the supply chain through the internet-based integrated supply-chain management systems, - convert traditional passive clothing into active/smart systems that increase situational awareness, communications, sensing and responding and generally improve performance. Adoption of these Frontier Sciences - based technologies by the Egyptian R and D Institutions and the interface with the Egyptian textile industries for implementation is the only way to revolutionize Egyptian textile and to maximize export capabilities in the increasingly competitive textile industry

Synthesis, characterization and saponification of poly [AN]-starch composites and properties of their hydrogels

Hydrogels based on saponified products of poly [acrylonitrile, AN]-starch composites were prepared, charact-erized and their water abosrbency properties examined. The term composite refered to the resultant products of polymerizatin of AN with starch in presence of eerie ammonium nitrate [CAN] as initiator, that is the composite consists of poly[AN]-starch graft copolymer, homopoly [AN], oxidized starch and unreacted starch. Thus AN monomer was polymerized with gelatinized starch using the ceric ion method. Gelatinization of starch prior to polymerization was affected by heating certain weight of starch in certain volume of distilled water at different temperrature [65, 75 and 85°C]. Polymerization was carried out under a variety of coditions. Saponification of poly [AN]-starch composites was performed in sodium hydroxide to yield the hydrogels. The water absorbency properties of these hydrogels were found to rely on variables affecting the magnitudes of both polymer-ization and saponification. Among these variables mention was made of the starch/liquor ratio, cocentration of ceric ammonium nitrate [CAN], monomer/starch molar ratio, duration of grafting and gelatinization temperature as well as saponification time. Hydrogels display their maximum water absorbency when granular starch was firstly gelatinized at 85°C for 30 min, and secondly subjected to polymerization with AN using AN/starch molar ratio of 4.8 and CAN concentration of 10 m.mol/l liquor ratio of 12.5, and thirdly sample of the so obtained poly [AN]-starch composite was saponified in sodium hydroxide [0.7N] at 95°C for 180 mm. The saponified product was then precipitated in excess methanol, dried and finally converted into powder. The product [hydrogel] in the powder form exhibited maximum water absorbency of 920 g water per gram hydrogel and 38 ml synthetic urine per gram hydrogel

Enhancement of Co[II] and Ni[II] adsorption from aqueous solutions on peanut hulls through esterification using citric acid

Peanut hulls were chemically modified via esterification with citric acid under conditions which yield peanut hulls rich in carboxyl content and the so obtained esterified products were used in removal of Co[II] and Ni[II] from aqueous solutions. This could be achieved through a thorough investigations into factors affecting the esterification reaction as well as these affecting the adsorption of these metal cations on peanut hulls before and after esterification. The results obtained with esterification and adsorption studies bring into focus the following conclusions. Optimal conditions for esterification involve treatment of peanut hulls [1 g] with 12.4 m. mole citric acid in presence of a very small amount of water at 140°C for 2 hr. On the other hand, the optimum pH for adsorption of cobalt [II] on peanut hulls citrate is pH 7. The adsorption capacity, qe [mg/g] of cobalt on peanut hulls citrate increases by increasing the extent of esterification, expressed as m.eq. -COOH / 100 g sample. Maximum values of adsorption capacity, Qmax are 28.7 and 270.3 mg/g on native and peanut hulls citrate respectively. Qmax values of Ni[II] are 5 and 175.4 mg/g on native and peanut hulls citrate respectively. Also reported are the equilibrium data which are fitted well with Langmuir and Freundlich models and showed the large capacity of peanut hulls citrate in removal of Co[II] and Ni[II] ions from aqueous solutions

Crosslinking of chitosan with glutaraldehyde for removal of dyes and heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions

Crosslinking of chitosan with glutaraldehyde in acidic medium has been studied. Factors affecting the crosslinking reaction including, reaction time [5-30 min] and temperature [40-80°C], as well as concentration of glutaraldehyde [0.5-1%] were studied. The efficiency of the crosslinking reaction was determined through measuring nitrogen content of the crosslinked chitosan. Utilization of glutaraldehyde crosslinked chitosan in the removal of different kinds of dyes has also been studied. Dyes used were acid, reactive, direct and basic dyes. Results obtained show that chitosan was effectively crosslinked when using 2% glutaraldehydc based on weight of chitosan at temperature 80°C for 10 min, Application was also made of highly crosslinked chitosan in dye and heavy metal ions removal. Results obtained disclosed that 100% [dye concentration, lg/l] acid dye and reactive dye adsorption could he achieved when the treatment was allowed to proceed for 2 hr. This was against 68% adsorption in case of the direct dye. On the other hand, crosslinked chitosan exhibited low affinity to basic dyes. It was also found that the adsorption capacity of the crosslinked chitosan was 85% and 75% for the copper ions and chromate ions, respectively

Synthesis and characterization of poly [acrylic acid] and poly [glycidyl methacrylate] - chitosan graft copolymers and their application to cotton fabric

Graft polymerization of acrylic acid [AA] and glycidyl methacrylate [GMA] onto chitosan was independently affected in a homogeneous aqueous phase under different conditions by using potassium bromate / thiourea as combined redox system. The grafting reaction was monitored for carboxyl and epoxy groups in case of AA and GMA, respectively. Also, monitored were percentages of graft yield [GY %], homopolymer [HP %], and total conversion [T.C. %]. It was found that the extent of the grafting reaction, as measured by such analyses, is dependent upon monomer concentration, initiator concentration, reaction time, temperature and material to liquor ratio. Based on the results obtained, the most appropriate conditions for graft copolymerization of AA onto chitosan were 4/4 mmole/l thiourea /potassium bromate and AA 30% based on weight of chitosan at 40°C for one hour. On the other hand, graft copolymerization of GMA occurs effectively when 6/6mmole/l thiourea/potassium bromate and GMA 50% were used at 60°C for one hour. With both AA and GMA monomers, a material to liquor ratio 1:25 was adequate. Chitosan-gpoly [AA] and chitosan-g-poly [GMA] were applied to cotton fabric to enhance the easy care properties. Crease recovery angle increased from 115 ° to 160° in the dry state and from 113° to 230° in the wet state, meanwhile, tensile strength increased from 54 kg to 66 kg. Dyeability, expressed as K/S, of cotton fabric treated with these copolymers also increased

Hydrolytic and oxidatative degradation of chitosan

Degradation of chitosan using HCI and H2O2 under different conditions was studied with a view to shed more insight on the chemistry of chitosan as well to establish conditions for preparation of chitosan with appropriate molecular mass for use in textile finishing. The extent of degradation was assessed by monitoring apparent viscosity, nitrogen percent, copper number and carboxyl groups. Results of acid hydrolysis indicate that the extent of degradation of chitosan is greater at higher HCI concentration, longer time of hydrolysis and higher temperature. Similarly, the extent of chitosan degradation during oxidation with H2O2 increases by increasing the H2O2 concentration, time and temperature of oxidation, with respect to pH the extent of oxidative degradation follows the order pH 9 >pH3> pH6, by and large results lead to a number of salient features which add to the knowledge of the chemistry of chitosan. Original chitosan along with hydrolyzed and oxidized chitosan samples were incorporated in the finishing formulation used to impart ease of care characteristics to cotton fabric. The fabric samples brought about thereof exhibit better tensile strength, improved crease recovery and almost comparable elongation at break as compared with cotton fabric finished in absence of chitosan or modified chitosans. It is certain, however, that the modified chitosans display greater effect than dose the unmodified [original chitosan]. Infrared spectrum IR of the modified and unmodified chitosans is also reported