[Adipolin and insulin resistance response to two types of exercise training in type 2 diabetic male rats]

Introduction: Adipolin [CTRP12], which improves insulin sensitivity, is a novel anti-inflammatory adipocytokine secreted from adipose tissue. In this study we aimed to assess the Adipolin and Insulin Resistance index [HOMA-IR] response to two types of exercise in type 2 diabetic male rats

Materials and Methods: In this study, 24 diabetic Wistar rats [Induced by high-fat diet and Streptozotocin[stz] injection] were randomly assigned to 3 groups: High intensity interval exercise [HIIT], low intensity continuous training [LICT] and control [C]. Both training groups were trained on the treadmill, 5 sessions per week for 8 weeks. Blood samples were taken 24 hours after the end of training session and plasma adipolin, insulin and glucose levels were measured. ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests were used to analyze data and the level of significance was considered to be p60.05

Results: Data analysis showed that plasma adipolin levels in the low intensity continuous training group were significantly increased, compared to the control group [p=0.006]. Plasma glucose level in both the low intensity continuous training and the high intensity interval groups was significantly decreased, compared to the control group [p=0.049] and [p=0.007]. Plasma insulin level in both training groups was increased and HOMA-IR index was decreased, compared to the control group, although changes were not significant

Conclusion: The results of this study showed that exercise training can increase plasma adipolin in rats with type 2 diabetes, changes however that are partially dependent on the type of exercise training

[Comparison of aerobic exercise and caloric restriction on serum preptin levels and indicators of insulin resistance in obese sedentary women]

Introduction: preptin is a recently isolated peptide hormone that is co-secreted with insulin from the pancreatic beta-cells. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of aerobic exercise and caloric restriction on serum preptin levels and HOMA-IR in sedentary obese women

Materials and methods: forty women who referred to home health centers were divided into four groups for 16 weeks of follow up: Aerobic exercise [experimental group 1], caloric restriction [experimental group 2], aerobic exercise with caloric restriction [experimental group 3] and the control group. Training programs in experimental group 1 consisted of aerobic training and running on a treadmill for 105.183 +/- 5.63 minutes, 4 times a wk. In experimental group 2, subjects followed a diet with caloric restriction equivalent to physical activity energy expenditure. Subjects in the experimental group 3 used a training program similar to experimental group 1 for 66.85 +/- 5.34 minutes, 3 times a wk and received a diet with half the amount of caloric restriction of experimental group 2

Results: weight, BMI and WHR showed significant reduction in the experimental groups. Serum preptin levels were decreased by 21.97%, 28.32% and 27.11% in experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 respectively. HOMA-IR was decreased significantly in the 3 groups. Significant correlations were seen between changes of preptin and changes of weight, WHR and HOMA-IR [p<0.05]

Conclusion: considering the relationship between preptin and insulin resistance and the influence of aerobic exercise and caloric restriction, preptin may play an effective role in weight management and prevention of diabetes

[ effects of dietary supplementation with zinc, magnesium and zinc plus magnesium on muscle strength in active women]

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with zinc, magnesium and zinc plus magnesium on muscle strength in active women. Forty active women selected randomly were randomly divided into 4 groups of 10 each, all undergonig resistance training and receiving, daily, a supplement of either zinc [50 mg zinc sulfate], magnesium [250 mg magnesium oxide], or zinc plus magnesium [50 mg zinc sulfate plus 250 mg magnesium oxide], or no supplement [control group]. All the subjects had a history of sports activity. Blood samples were collected and 1-RM was measured at the beginning and after 8weeks. Independent and paired-sample t-test showed that zinc, magnesium and zinc plus magnesium supplements had no statistically significant effects on the strength of lower body muscles. However, the magnesium supplement had a significant positive effect on the strength of upper body muscles [chest, back, as well as back and hand bending muscles]. In addition, the zinc and zinc plus magnesium supplements affected significantly the strength of the back and hand bending muscles. Further analysis of the data showed that the zinc plus magnesium supplement had no significant effect on the serum zinc and magnesium concentrations. Dietary supplementation with zinc, magnesium and zinc plus magnesium can effect desirably the upper body muscles strength in active women

[ effect of glucose and glutamine supplementation on some serum growth factors in non-athlete males during four weeks exhausting endurance-intermittent training]

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of glucose and glutamine supplementation on two serum growth factors, GH and IGF-I, in non-athlete males during four weeks of exhaustive endurance - intermittent training that causes glycogen depletion. 20 non-athlete healthy males were selected and randomly assigned into four groups including: glucose supplementation with glycogen depletion training group [n=5, supplement 1], glutamine supplementation with glycogen depletion training group [n=5, supplement 2], glycogen depletion training group [n=5, placebo], and a group without any treatment [n=5, control]. The blood samples were collected at the onset of the training protocol, and 48 hours after final training session from anticubital venous. Serum GH and IGF-I concentration were determined by ELISA technique. The main and interaction effects of variables were determined using TWO WAY ANOVA compeleted with Tukey post-hoc test. The significant level was chosen as alpha =0.05. The results showed the significant effect of training variable for serum IGF-I concentration, [p<0.01]. Post-hoc test showed the significant difference between supplement 1 with control groups [p<0.01], and placebo with control [p<0.01]. The effect of training variable was not significant for serum GH concentration. In addation, the effect of supplementation variable was not significant neither for serum IGF-I, nor serum GH concentration. Also, the interaction effect between the two variables was not significant. The results suggested that glucose or glutamine supplementation does not have significant effects on serum GH and IGF-I concentration after four weeks, but four weeks glycogen depletion training causes an increase on the serum IGF-I

Genetic doping and health damages

Use of genetic doping or gene transfer technology will be the newest and the lethal method of doping in future and have some unpleasant consequences for sports, athletes, and outcomes of competitions. The World Anti-Doping Agency [WADA] defines genetic doping as "the non-therapeutic use of genes, genetic elements, and/or cells that have the capacity to enhance athletic performance". The purpose of this review is to consider genetic doping, health damages and risks of new genes if delivered in athletes. This review, which is carried out by reviewing relevant publications, is primarily based on the journals available in GOOGLE, ELSEVIER, PUBMED in fields of genetic technology, and health using a combination of keywords [e.g., genetic doping, genes, exercise, performance, athletes] until July 2010. There are several genes related to sport performance and if they are used, they will have health risks and sever damages such as cancer, autoimmunization, and heart attack