[Effect of alchohlic extract of Achillea wilhelmsii on density of motor neurons of spinal cord after sciatic nerve compression in male rats]

Background and Objective: Transaction or laceration and compression of peripheral nerves in accidents and different circumstances resulting Wallerian degeneration which go back to perikaryon through retrograde reaction. This study was done to determine the effect of alchohlic extract of Achillea wilhelmsii on density of motor neurons of spinal cord after sciatic nerve compression in male Wistar rats

Methods: In this experimental study, 30 male wistar rats were randomly allocated into 5 groups: group A: control, group B: compression, group C: compression and treatment with 50 mg/kg/bw of ethanolic extract, group D: compression and treatment with 75 mg/kg/bw of ethanolic extract and group E: compression and treatment with 100 mg/kg/bw of ethanolic extract of Achillea wilhelmsii. After anesthetizing rats, skin and sub cutaneous muscles of right thigh were cut to sciatic nerve appears. Then, compression of sciatic nerve was done by a surgical forceps for 60 seconds, followed by suturing muscle and skin. Extract injection was done intraperitoneally for three weeks after compression. Group A and B were received normal saline. 28 days after compression, samples were prepared from lumbar spinal cord under perfusion method and histological sections were provided serially. After staining, density of motor neurons was calculated by dissector method

Results: Neuronal density in the compression group [707 +/- 38.56] significantly reduced in compare to control group [1740 +/- 49.81], [P<0.05]. Neuronal density in group C [1208 +/- 57.58], group D [1370 +/- 33.91], and group E [1437 +/- 64.46] significantly increased in compare to compression group [P<0.05], respectively

Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of Achillea wilhelmsii increased neuronal density of rat's spinal cord after compression of sciatic nerve

[Glutamate transporters and excitotoxicity in nervous system]

L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system [CNS]. It contribute in various physiological conditions such as brain development, synaptic plasticity, memory and learning. However, increasing of the extracellular glutamate concentration and overactivation of glutamate receptors in particular ionotropic subtypes leads to excitotoxicity which is the fundamental pathological pathway of neuronal injury. Due to lack of extracellular enzymatic destruction, the removal of released glutamate is achieved through the excitatory amino acid transporters [EAATs] which are distributed in glia that tightly surround the synaptic clefts, as well as in neurons. EAATs which known as Na+-dependent high-affinity glutamate transporters are the main responsible for maintaining extracellular glutamate concentration below excitotoxic levels. Moreover another membrane transporters regulating the flux of glutamate in different areas of the CNS. This system is cystine-glutamate exchanger [XCG-] that is Na+-independent system. Dysfunction of EAATs has been implicated in both acute insults e.g. stroke, trauma and chronic neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders e.g. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, epilepsy, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, the purpose of this review article is to explain the pathway of glutamate biosynthesis, its release into CNS, discribing and elaborating Glutamate transporters, activites and their role in excitoxcity in CNS

[Infant under 1-59 month mortality causes in Zabol]

Infant less than five years mortality is one of developing health index in countries. In recent years under five years mortality rates has been decreased in our country but still is higher than the developed countries. Thus we prompted to investigate some causes in infant under 1-59 month mortality during 2006. This is a descriptive study which conducted during 2006.In this study 93 cases were selected using census sampling. Data collected by Infant mortality registering checklists that confirmed by Health and treatment service ministry of Iran. These checklists filled by educated critics' personnel. Researcher et al exploited data by analysis in registered checklists then converted data to digital form and analyzed by SPSS software. Finding showed that 93 deaths occurred. The most frequency of them related to 1-12 months age [57%] that 37% of cases were female and 63% of them were male. Majority causes from death is collisions and accidents [27%]. Mortality from respiratory diseases was 18/3 percent and gastrointestinal diseases 15/2 percent. Majority failure in treatment causes is Insensibility in parent due to treatment [76%] and insistence of parent to discharge their infant from hospital because they were so impecunious to paid treatment costs [12%]. Our finding showed that Infant mortality rate in this city was higher than country rate which has various reasons that one of these reasons was rise in collisions rate. Thus it is essential to perform implementations to reduce collisions rate as well as it essential to perform effective implementation for maternal and newborn care, infant and newborn nutrition's, vaccination

Ionotropic glutamate receptors and their role in neurological diseases

Glutamate is extensively and relatively uniformly distributed in the central nervous system [CNS] and its effects mediated by two distinct groups of receptors including Ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Concentration of glutamate in the nervous system is much higher than in other tissues. Glutamate receptors play an important role in synaptic transmission, neural plasticity and neural development. Although glutamate has various neural physiological effects, it is a strong neurotoxin and high concentration of glutamate in synaptic milieu and extra cellular space plays a critical role in neurodegenerative diseases like ischemia, acute neural trauma and many other CNS disorders. Selective ligands for glutamate receptors have made considerable advances in the identification of the physiological and pathological roles of these receptors in the nervous system. Furthermore, advances in animal models of neurodegenerative disorders have lead to the application of many glutamatergic compounds in clinical studies. These compounds consist of ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists that examined in clinical tests for disorders including epilepsy, ischemic stroke, etc. The purpose of this review is to describe ionotropic glutamate receptors and their possible roles in excitotoxicity and nervous system disorders. Then we will discuss briefly about transporters for glutamate and their association in the pathology of CNS disorders. Finally, involvement of ionotropic glutamate receptors in neurological disorders including schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy will be explained

survey of worry domains in student of Zabol universities in 2003

Worry, as a cognitive domain to anxiety, defined as a central feature of some clinical disorders. Worry plays an important role in psychopathology. Among general population, higher education students are experiencing worry in several domains, which can influence on their educational performance and social activities. In this study worry domains of Zabol public university students have been examined 362 students in seven faculty of 2003 academic year were randomly selected. All the students filled worry domains questionnaire. The result revealed that the hierarchy of student's worry domains could be placed under the following domains in descending order: 1 - future goals [82.3%]. 2-job [75.5%] 3- uncertainty [51%]. 4- financial conditon [66%] 5- relationship [56.6%]. According to the present findings Zabol public university students' main worry domain is aimless future and work. The implication to this study can be used in counseling centers and in future planning for students' mental health