[ effect of the oral hygiene instruction on awareness, attitude, and practice of a group of patients]

Plaque control and its instruction is an important part of dental treatments which guarantees the long term success of the periodontal and dental care. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of the oral hygiene instruction given to the patients on the amount of awareness and improving their attitude and practice. For this purpose, a number of 100 patients were selected randomly and instructed oral hygiene methods. The patients filled out a questionnaire including 14 questions derived from OHI-S questionnaire of WHO at the beginning of the study and at the intervals of one and two weeks and 1-month. The plaque index of all the patients was measured by an examiner on the base of O'Leary plaque index. After comparing the pre and post oral health questionnaires, changes in the rate of attitude, awareness and practice of patients were analyzed with paired t-test. One month after oral hygiene instruction, the patients' awareness and attitude increased by 46% [p= 0.021] and 123% [p= 0.018] respectively. The plaque index decreased by 43.27% [p = 0.018]. All of the parameters showed a significant difference from baseline [p <0.05]. The results of this study showed that repeated oral hygiene instruction makes a significant improvement on the amount of awareness, attitude and practice of patients in relation to plaque control

[ correlation between obesity and impaired glucose tolerance with periodontal diseases]

Numerous evidence indicates the deteriorating effects of obesity on body organs and its role in predisposition to systemic diseases such as diabetes. On the other hand, diabetes has been recognized as a risk factor for periodontal breakdown. This study aimed to determine the relationship between obesity and periodontal diseases. The second aim was to clarify if periodontal diseases make the individuals prone to impaired glucose tolerance. A total of 166 patients [age 35- 59 years] who sought dental care in Tabriz Dental Faculty were recruited in this study. Eighty three people had periodontitis in accordance with NHANES III index [test group] and the remaining who did not have periodontal disease served as the control group. The body weight [BW], height and waist circumference [WC] were measured in both of the study groups followed by fasting plasma glucose [FPG] and oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT]. Data were analyzed by student t-test and Chi-Square followed by calculating the odds ratio and Spearman correlation. All of the studied variables expressed a higher score in the test group than the control one [p<0.05]. Evaluation of the correlation of obesity [OB], overweight [OW], WC, and impaired glucose tolerance [IGT] with periodontal disease severity, revealed the highest correlation between OB [r=1 and p<0.001] and the lowest between OW [r=0.4 and p=0.07]. Regarding the association of OB, WC and OW with IGT among women, the strongest association was found in OB [odds ratio, 6.5; 95% CI, 1.26- 23.6] and the weakest was in OW [odds ratio, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.07-2.6]. These associations were similar among the males and the highest was between OB [odds ratio, 5; 95% CI, 0.82- 19.41] VS. the weakest that was observed in OW [odds ratio, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.07-2.17]. The association of obesity and periodontal disease is stronger than that with impaired glucose test. This may be attributed to different mechanisms involved in relationship between periodontal disease, obesity and diabetes

Determination of caries condition in undertreatment major thalassemic children in Tabriz pediatric hospital

Major beta thalassemia is a hereditary hematologic disease with severe clinical symptoms such as certain organic, skeletal and periodontal difficulties and increase of dental caries rate The aim of this study was to determine the dental caries rate of Thalassemic children and to compare it with the control groups. Sixty beta thalassemia and healthy children in three groups, 1-5 years group for dmft study, 5-12 years for DMFT and dmft study and after 12 age years for DMFT study were randomly selected. Means of DMFT and dmft and plaque control indices [the brushing and flossing application] were studied in both groups and between three age groups. Comparison of results were made using ANOVA and t. Mean of carious [d, D=4, 5.67] and extracted [m, M=0.22, 0.55] teeth were m re in thalassemic patients and mean of filled teeth [f, F0.45, 0.82] were more in control groups. Control group brushed their teeth more frequently and the difference between case and control groups was significant [P < 0.05], but there was no significant differences between control and case groups in using dental floss. To summarize, caries rate it both primary and permanent dentition was significantly higher in thalassemic patients comparing to control group [P < 0.05]. Caries rate is high in both primary and permanent dentition in thalassemic patients. However, there are many contributing factors in the rate of caries in thalassemic children but this study determined lack of adequate dental care as a major factor

[Effect of herbal and chemical mouth-rinses on periodontal indices; comparison of matrica, persica and chlorhexidine]

Due to the limitations of mechanical plaque control methods, the use of chemical methods have been recommended, and Chlorhexidine has been shown to be the gold standard mouth-rinse. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of two herbal mouth-rinses with each other, and with Chlorhexidine on some periodontal indices. In this double-blinded interventional study, 30 male dental students were divided into three equal groups. Before and after using of the two herbal and one chemical mouth-rinses [Matrica, Persica, and Chlorhexidine] periodontal indices including plaque, gingival, and tooth staining were measured and recorded. All samples consumed the three mouth-rinses in two week intervals. Data were analyzed using Wilcoxon test for evaluation of dependent variables in each group, and ANOVA for dependent variables between the three mouth-rinses. The three mouth-rinses used in this study [Matrica, Persica, and Chlorhexidine] caused reduction in plaque index by 30.58 +/- 9.22%, 19.44 +/- 8.43% and 19.62 +/- 8.7%, respectively. All the mouth-rinses decreased the plaque index but the reduction was more prominent with Chlorhexidine [p<0.05]. Also, Chlorhexidine caused more gingival index reduction in comparison with Matrica and Persica [p<0.05]. Herbal mouth-rinses caused small areas of staining but Chlorhexidine increased stain index value by its extension and intensity. The difference between the two herbal mouth-rinses was not statistically significant, while the difference was significant in comparison with the chemical mouth-rinse [p<0.05]. As the extension and intensity of staining caused by Chlorhexidin as a chemical agent was significantly more than the herbal mouth-rinses, also its effect on plaque and gingival indices was more. So, the benefits and side effects of each mouth-rinse should be considered in their clinical application

[ clinical assessment of the effects of smoking on periodontal tissues in referring patients to Tabriz dental faculty during 2005-2006]

Many risk factors cause progression of peridontitis. Smoking is one of these factors and due to increasing rate of smokers, there is need to study more about the effect of smoking on periodontal indicators. The aim of this study was clinical evaluation of smoking effects on periodontal tissues in referring patients to oral medicine and periodontics department in Tabriz dental faculty. This study was an analytical, cross-sectional study. Sample size consisted of one hundred patients with chronic periodontitis. Of these patients, 50 smoker patients [34 Heavy smokers and 16 Light smokers] entered into case group and 50 non-smoker patients entered into control group. After ensuring age matching between smokers and non-smokers, periodontal measurements such as clinical probing depth [CPD], gingival recession [GR], clinical attachment level [CAL], tooth mobility [TM] and bleeding on Probing [BOP] were obtained and recorded in special questionnaires. Data analysis was performed by SPSS soft ware and Tukey and Pearson tests. Clinical probing depth, gingival recession, clinical attachment loss and tooth mobility increased significantly in Heavy smokers compared with non-smokers and Light smokers [p<0.05], while no statistically significant differences were found between non- smoker and light smoker groups. Considering bleeding on probing, there was declining trend in BOP in Heavy smokers compared with non-smokers and Light smokers [p=0.00]. There was not significant differences upon the effect of cigarette consumption [based on pack years] in the mentioned indices [p>0.05] between the two groups. Based on the results of this study which showed an increasing rate of intensity in periodontal indicators in smokers group compared with non-smoker, specific programs to increase public awareness on the effect of smoking should be recommended