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Background: Undernutrition is a silent emergency and one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among under-5 children throughout the world. A serious public health concern and can have significant effect on child’s overall growth and development. The prevalence of undernutrition is two folds higher among rural area compared with urban area, therefore present study aims to study the prevalence of undernutrition and associated factors among under-5 children living in rural area of Hyderabad. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted between April 2023 to June 2023 in rural field practice area of a medical college in Hyderabad. A total of 364 under-5 children residing in study area were selected by simple random technique. Data about socio-demographic variables were collected by questionnaire and anthropometrics were measured using standard techniques. Results: In the present study, about 33% of under-5 children are underweight and 35% are stunted. The under-5 children belonged to lower socioeconomic class were significantly more likely to be underweight (40%) and stunted (42%). Family size >6 members were significantly underweight (48%) as well as stunted (47%). Children with low birth weight i.e. <2.5 kg had significantly higher rates of underweight (43%) as well as stunting (45%). Among the children with weaning age less than 6 months, 47% were underweight and 45.6% were stunted. Conclusions: Socio economic status, family size, birth weight, and weaning age are important determinants of undernutrition.
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The uterus is formed during embryogenesis by the fusion of the two paramesonephric ducts (mullerian ducts). The two mullerian ducts normally fuse to form the single uterine body. A didelphis uterus will have a double cervix and a double vagina. This case report describes the successful removal of retained products of conception following a spontaneous miscarriage in the setting of a bicornuate bicollis anomaly with a non-viable pregnancy using operative hysteroscopy. The successful removal of the retained products of conception is an essential step in the management of a spontaneous miscarriage. Gynaecologists should be aware of the potential complications associated with this condition and refer patients with a diagnosis of uterine didelphys to an expert in gynaecology for further evaluation and management.
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Background: Pregnant individuals with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) seem to face a heightened susceptibility to unfavorable outcomes. This investigation aimed to evaluate the consequences of pregnancies in patients diagnosed with PCOS.Methods: This cross-sectional study involving 115 pregnant patients with PCOS was carried out at the department of obstetrics and gynecology, Dhaka medical college and hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, tertiary care facility, from January 2023 to December 2023. Data on the ongoing pregnancy, PCOS, and outcomes were analyzed by SPSS version 20.Results: Average age of participants was 25.07 years. Incidence of premature rupture of membranes (PROM) was 33.91%, low APGAR score at 5 minutes was 12.17%, gestational diabetes (GDM) occurred in 23.47% of cases, miscarriage was reported in 2.1%, preterm delivery in 13.91%, cesarean delivery in 37.39%, low birth weight babies accounted for 2.6%, macrosomia occurred in 0.7%, preterm PROM (PPROM) in 19.52%, perinatal mortality 1.73%.Conclusions: In pregnancy with PCOS, the percentage of GDM, preterm delivery, meconium-stained liquor, small for gestational age (SGA)/intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), macrosomia, PPROM, perinatal mortality, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, and congenital anomalies were either comparable or lower. However, a higher percentage of hypertension in pregnancy, PROM, low birth weight babies, and low APGAR score at five minutes was observed in this population.
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Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) usually has a multi factorial aetiology that is often unknown, although the most frequently reported cause is infection, others could be cervical insufficiency, over distention of uterine cavity, previous history of preterm labor, systemic inflammatory disease etc. This case report documented a rare incidence of preterm premature rupture of membranes, in a 35-year-old female with past history of 8 spontaneous abortions and 1 ectopic pregnancy. Patient had an IVF conception, amenorrheic for 7 months and 2 weeks, and came with a complaint of white discharge per vaginum. On per speculum examination, cervical os was found dilated. The patient was managed conservatively with protein and progesterone support along with prophylactic tocolytics and antibiotics, till early signs of chorioamnionitis were noticed. The decision of induction of labour and eventually preterm premature rupture of membranes lead to emergency cesarean section. Challenges faced in managing this high risk pregnancy are discussed, emphasizing the need of close monitoring and tailoring management in similar circumstances.
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Objective: To study the clinico-hematological profile, complications, and management of children with non-transfusion dependent thalassemia (NTDT) in northern India. Method: We retrieved and analyzed the data of 69 children with NTDT diagnosed between January, 2006 to December, 2018, aged under 18 years from our unit’s records. Result: The participants mean (SD) age was 4.4 (3.1) years, and they presented with anemia (29%), jaundice (13%), hemolytic facies (13%), splenomegaly (87%), thromboembolism (2.9%) and pathological short stature (28.5%). The most common cause of NTDT was ?-thalassemia (45%), followed by either compound-heterozygous or homozygous for E?-thalassemia mutation. The most frequent single genotype observed was compound heterozygous for IVS1-5 (G>C) and codon 26 (G>A). The mean (SD) follow-up duration was 3.5 (2.4) years. On follow-up, 27 children (%) remained transfusion free, and 30 (%) needed occasional transfusions. 63% of patients initially presenting with pathological short stature showed improvement in growth. Amongst children older than 10 years (n=20), subclinical hypothyroidism was detected in 6 children and impaired glucose tolerance test in 1 child. Conclusion: Eß-thalassemia was the commonest cause of NTDT in this population.
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Greengram [(Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] is the important pulse crop after chickpea and pigeonpea cultivated in India which is called as “Queen of pulses”, the crop is proned to be infected by many fungal and bacterial diseases. In recent years emergence of a virus disease bud necrosis of greengram was noticed in Raichur and the incidence of disease gradually increased in greengram growing areas of Karnataka. Incidence of bud necrosis disease of greengram and correlation with weather factors was studied during Kharif 2021 at research plot and MARS, UAS, Raichur, Karnataka. The study reveals that, on all four dates of sowing (25th June, 1st July, 9th July and 23rd July 2021), disease was initiated at 25 DAS and highest disease incidence was observed at 75 DAS. The peak activity of thrips was noticed during August month. The weather variables viz., maximum temperature was more than 32 °C, minimum temperature was more than 22°C, rainfall was less than 19 mm/day, morning relative humidity was less than 91 per cent, evening relative humidity more than 44 per cent, evaporation 4.3 mm/day and sunshine hours less than 6 hr/day was favorable for bud necrosis disease in four dates of sowing. Whereas, morning relative humidity, evening relative humidity and age of the crops were having positive relationship with progress of bud necrosis on all four dates of sowing. Thrips and rainfall showed a positive correlation with disease incidence in all dates of sowing except the fourth date of sowing.
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Background: Oropharyngeal administration of colostrum has found to play a role in preventing the Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC), thus reducing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants. We aimed to determine whether early oropharyngeal administration of mother’s own colostrum can reduce the rates of NEC and/or mortality in preterm infants.Methods: We conducted a randomized, placebo controlled, intervention study in Department of Neonatology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka from 2019 to 2021. Total 92 infants were enrolled, 52 were randomized to oropharyngeal administration of colostrum group and 40 to placebo group. Oropharyngeal administration of colostrum group received maternal colostrum (0.2 ml), after 24 hours of postnatal life and were given every 3 hour for the next 3 days. Serum IgA was measured at 24 hrs and 7th day of postnatal age. Clinical data during hospitalization were collected. SPSS version 21 was used for statistical analysis.Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable and almost similar between the two groups. There was significant reduction in the incidence of NEC stage 2, 16 (30.7%) vs. 26, (65%); p?=?0.001). There was significant reduction of age of achieving full enteral feeding (12.1±4.5 vs 19.5±7.5; p?=?0.001), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) 12 (23%) vs. 22 (55%); p=0.002, use of mechanical ventilators, 11 (21.1%) vs. 22 (55%); p?=?0.001 and number of inotropes (1.2±0.3 vs. 1.61±0.4975; p?=?0.002), duration of inotropes (19.7±14.2 vs. 36.5±17.5; p=0.002) in OAC group. However, there was no significant difference in probable sepsis, culture proven sepsis, survival rate and serum IgA level at 1st and 7th day in OAC group, compared to placebo.Conclusions: There was a positive effect in decreasing the incidence of NEC, but no significant effect was observed on survival rate. This intervention facilitates faster achievement of full enteral feeding, reducing the risk of DIC in preterm infants.
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The rate and variety of advances in energy sealing technology in the last two decades has heralded new opportunities in laparoscopic and minimally invasive surgery. Reduced operating times, lower postoperative pain scores, and shorter length of stay are offset by the additional cost of such instruments. Critical to obtaining optimal clinical effects and reducing potential complications, is a thorough understanding of the proper use of each energy modality. No single device has shown a significant superiority over the other. However best combination to have is harmonic along with ligasure or perhaps now the latest wireless sonicision with ligasure to undertake most of the surgeries. Thunderbeat has advantages like faster cutting speed and minimal instrument changes. Ferromagnetic wand is the fastest available instrument with unique features. Argon beam coagulation has certain specific uses and is best for fulguration and it is definitely advantageous to have it in OT. Sonicision offered wireless ergonomics and better manoeuvrability, cheapest VSD was the conventional bipolar.
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Objective: This study aims to identify the incidence of malignancy in solitary nodule thyroid in a tertiary care hospital in Kalaburagi, Karnataka.Methods: This was a prospective non-randomized hospital-based interventional study carried out on 50 patients over a period of 1 y, who presented with clinically palpable solitary thyroid swellings and subsequently underwent surgery for the same at the Department of General surgery, Gulbarga Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalaburagi, Karnataka.Results: Over the total duration of the study period, there were 50 cases of clinically detected solitary thyroid nodule with a high female preponderance. The mean age of the incidence of solitary thyroid nodule was 40.6 y. The incidence of malignancy in solitary thyroid nodule was found to be 18%.Conclusion: It is concluded from the present study that 18% of solitary thyroid nodules are malignant, with female preponderance and a mean age of solitary thyroid nodule is 40.62 y.
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Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a commonly occurring head and neck cancer. It has a high prevalence, and is associated with a high mortality rate. OSCC occurs due to many etiological factors, but smoking and alcohol remain the most common risk factors. The histological grading of tumors has been used to predict the clinical behaviour of OSCC. Broder’s initiated quantitative grading in cancer. Anneroth’s and Hansen developed another grading system for grading of OSCC’s. With this background, a study was undertaken to compare between Anneroth’s & Broder’s grading systems in oral squamous cell carcinoma in relation to histopathological prognostic factors. Material & Methods: A retrospective study was carried out on 50 formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of the confirmed cases of Oral squamous cell carcinoma in the archives of department of oral pathology, Govt. Dental College & Hospital, Srinagar. The cases were evaluated on the basis of Broder’s & Anneroth’s grading systems for OSCC & the comparison of the systems was made pertaining to histopathological prognostic parameters. Results: In our study according to Anneroth’s system maximum cases comes under grade III while in Broder’s system maximum cases are in grade I & II. Conclusion: Anneroth’s classification provides us a detailed analysis of grading the cases according to scoring of each parameter. Thus, it is more informative than Broder’s grading system.
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Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common oral malignancy, representing up to 80–90% of all malignant neoplasms of the oral cavity. The increasing cases of oral cancer are the most important concern for community health. Defects of mitosis result in various nuclear abnormalities namely micronuclei, binucleation, broken egg appearance, pyknotic nuclei, and increased numbers of mitotic figures. The rationale for mitotic counting is that it is frequently used for classification and grading of tumors, prediction of prognosis of tumors and even advocated as a decision point for treatment. Reproducibility of the mitotic counting is paramount for the assessment of malignancy on a histologic scale. Considering this, we decided to assess the inter-observer variability in mitotic figure counting in various grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Material & Methods: A retrospective study was carried out on 48 formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissue blocks of the confirmed cases of Oral squamous cell carcinoma in the archives of department of oral pathology, Govt. Dental College & Hospital, Srinagar. Mitotic figure counting was done by two independent, mutually blind observers. The data was assessed for inter-observer variability in counting of figures. Results: Least difference was seen in cases of WDSCC up to the maximum difference of 3 mitoses. MDSCC showed modest differences in observations, with a maximum difference of 4 mitoses. PDSCC cases had the highest inter-observer variability, with a maximum difference of 5 mitoses. Conclusion: Mitosis counting has been shown most convincingly to provide independent prognostic value and is the most well established component of the histological grading systems of OSCC. Reproducibility of the mitotic counting is paramount for the assessment of malignancy on a histologic scale.
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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan city, Hubei province, China. The patients with comorbid conditions like diabetes mellitus, lung disease are prone to a wide range of viral, bacterial and fungal infections. Aims And Objectives 1. To know the frequency of mucormycosis in Covid-19 patients. 2. To describe histomorphological pattern of mucormycosis and other fungal infections in Covid-19 patients. Materials And Methods: A prospective study was conducted from May 2021 to August 2021 for four month period with a sample size of 57 at a tertiary care hospital in south India. All the patients who were diagnosed with and or recovered from COVID-19 infection and came back with the fungal infection symptoms were subjected to surgical debridement were included in the study. All the demographic and clinical data were obtained from requests. In the presentResults: study we got 57 cases of covid-19 patient with suspected fungal infections.We examined the biopsy taken from different sites of rhinoorbital area with H&E and GMS stain. Out of 57 cases 36 cases were found to be having mucormycosis. Conclusion: Since Covid-19 is a risk for many opportunistic infections, its association with invasive fungal infection is dangerous and must be given serious consideration
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Background: Menstruation is natural physiological processes. Psychosocial and religious taboos around it make it complicated as health issue. Poor menstrual health is not only associated with health and well?being of women, but also reflects on morbidity and mortality patterns of female population. Aim and Objectives: The study aims to assess the effect of a structured lecture on the knowledge and awareness about practices of menstrual health in adolescent girls of urban slum. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among adolescent girls of slum area in Aurangabad city of Maharashtra. Pre-structured Questionnaire to assess the knowledge and practices about menstruation and menstrual hygiene was given. Structured lecture was organized and postlecture questionnaire was taken. Results: 72% were in age group of 10–14 years and mean age of menarche was 12.7 years. Before lecture 64% had poor awareness about hygienic menstrual practices, 24% had fair, 12% had good awareness. But after the lecture, the majority of girls, that is, 56% showed good awareness, 30% had fair while 14% girls still showed the poor awareness. This difference was found statistically significant. The reasons behind the unhygienic practices most commonly quoted were poverty, high cost of sanitary pads, ignorance and lack of privacy. Conclusion: If perception and attitude of adolescent girls toward menstrual hygiene is improved then it will definitely enhance their reproductive health. Moreover, awareness created among them will indirectly affect their mother’s reproductive health and their next female generation as well.
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The straightforward demonstration of surfing on the web can turn into an overwhelming task making it almost difficult to get away from hackers and their assaults. Numerous conventional procedures are active to prevent clients from tapping on a malevolent URL, opening loathsome connections, or drawing in with deluding promotions can prompt deadly results. This paper centres on recognizing and classifying Malicious URLs since this is a strong and compelling method to stop assaults. Assailants regularly attempt to transform at least one parts of URL involving them for assaults on client's framework by Drive-by download, phishing, social designing and spam. The created framework will utilize a regulated machine learning approach. Our framework design is isolated into two modules: the initial one is preparing and the second is identification. This framework is carried out as an augmentation for internet browsers to make it user centric.
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Human organic cation transporter 1 (hOCT1) is a transmembrane influx transporter protein encoded by the SLC22A1gene. hOCT1 plays a pivotal role in the hepatocellular and renal uptake of several xenobiotics and endogenoussubstrates. The human SLC22A1 gene is highly polymorphic. Non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) of the human SLC22A1 gene tend to impair the transmembrane conductance of substrates by hOCT1. Herein,we describe the effect of 1022C>T and 1222A>G variations in the human SLC22A1 gene on hOCT1 structure andsubstrate binding. The three-dimensional (3D) structures of hOCT1 variants were ab initio models using the iTASSERserver, and drug-binding residues of the transmembrane domain were predicted using the Prankweb server. Substratebinding was analyzed by molecular docking using AutoDock 4.2.6. Amino acid residues, crucial for substrate bindingand transport, were altered in Met408Val and Pro341Leu variants and were suggestive of conformational changeinduced by 1022C>T and 1222A>G SNPs. Moreover, a statistically significant difference was observed betweenthe binding affinities of substrates to wild and mutant variants. Therefore, it is evident that 1022C>T and 1222A>Gnon-synonymous SNPs impair the drug uptake process of hOCT1, and hence patients with the former variants need tobe closely monitored for idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions or sub-therapeutic responses while being initiated intotherapy with hOCT1 substrates.
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Seafood allergy is a hypersensitivity disorder with growing prevalence. Allergy to shellfish is among the leading cause of food allergyin adults, and the most common cause of food allergic emergency department visits. Seafood allergy is immunologic response toproteins in these foods and include IgE antibody-mediated allergy. Allergies can occur at any age but are common in adults andadolescents than in children. While figures vary from country to country, approximately 1–2% of the adult population and <1% ofchildren are affected. In most patients tolerance develops to food antigens, however, when tolerance fails to develop, hypersensitivityreaction occurs. Food allergy affects up to 8% of the children below 5 years of age and approximately 3.5% in the general population.Adults with shellfish allergies should be aware of how to use this on themselves or their child if child is suspected shellfish allergy.It is also recommended for such individuals to wear medical alert bracelet necklace or carry USB drive so that health care workercan be aware of their condition in emergency. Effective and accurate diagnostic workup is essential for clinicians and patients. Thisarticle summarizes about seafood allergy cause, diagnostic approaches, and management in case of life-threatening emergencies.
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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Scientific evidences suggest that high iron storage may play a role in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Excess iron accumulation induces organ damage due to the overproduction of ROS through Fenton reaction. Thus, the aim of this study was to find out the relation between serum iron, total ironbinding capacity (TIBC) and oxidative stress (OS) with glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.The study consisted of 90 subjects, which were divided into 3 different groups; Group 1 compromised of 30 healthy individuals, Group 2 included 30 T2DM patients with normal glycemic control and Group 3 included 30 T2DM patients with poor glycemic control. Blood samples were collected from the three groups and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), post-prandial plasma glucose (PPPG), HbA1c, Iron, TIBC, Hemoglobin (HB), Malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels were analysed.We found, that mean levels of FPG, PPPG, HbA1c, Iron and MDA were significantly higher (p<0.05) and mean levels of TIBC, SOD and CAT were significantly decreased (p<0.05) in group 3 as compared to group 2 and group 1.There was no significant difference (p>0.05) observed in iron, TIBC and Hb levels between group 1 and group 2. We found a significant positive correlation of Iron and MDA with HbA1c and significant negative correlation of TIBC, SOD and CAT with HbA1c in group 3.In our study we found significant positive correlation of HbA1c with MDA and iron that indicates poor glycemic control leads to increased glycation of haemoglobin and other heme containing proteins. It causes more release of iron that leading to production of oxidative stress and thereby it might plays significant role in early appearance of diabetic complications.
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Central venous catheter insertion is a commonly performed procedure. We report a case of central venous catheterization induced pneumothorax in a 45 years old male patient who underwent a surgery for sub-arachnoid hemorrhage and post-surgery, developed tension pneumothorax during internal jugular vein catheterization.
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Background: Cellular glycosylation changes are associatedwith different types of neoplastic transformation. Fucose is adeoxyhexose sugar that the body requires for optimal functionsof cell to cell communications and which plays a role in severalbiological events. Fucose has been considered to play asignificant role in cancer and its spread. Alpha L Fucosidase(ALF) is an exoglycosidase involved in the hydrolyticdegradation of fucose containing components of glycoproteins,glycolipids and oligosaccharides. The significance of thisenzyme in human catabolism is implied by geneticneurovisceral storage disease. Altered levels of ALF has beenreported in the plasma/serum of patients with oral cancer.Aims: To investigate the clinical usefulness of serum fucoseand α-L-fucosidase in diagnosing oral pre-cancer and cancerand study the variations of the levels of both metabolites innormal, precancerous and cancerous conditions (Squamouscell carcinoma).Methodology: The study group comprised of 87 samples of(age range: 20-70 years): control samples – healthy individualswithout any systemic illness (n =20), clinically andhistopathologically diagnosed cases of leukoplakia (n=16) andoral submucous fibrosis (n=16) and oral squamous cellcarcinoma (n=35) respectively. 2ml blood was collected byvenipuncture from every subject after informed consent, serumwas separated and checked for fucose and fucosidase byspectrophotometric analysis.Results: The Normal value range of fucose is 8.3 to 9.5 mg/ dland that of fucosidase is 22.8 ± 7.1 U/L. There is an increasein the value range of fucose and fucosidase in the tissues ofpotentially malignant disorders and Squamous cell Carcinoma.
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Aptamers are short stretches of Ribonucleic acid or Deoxyribonucleic acid having a specific 3D shape which form complexes with the target site with high affinity. Systemic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) is responsible for the high affinity and specificity of aptamers to bind the target molecules. Due to some unique features of Aptamers, it attracts the attention of many scientists to use them as a tool in the treatment & diagnosis of various diseases and syndromes. The results obtained from the various clinical data shows that Aptamers can be used in the treatment and diagnosis of various diseases including cancer and syndromes like AIDS, severe acute respiratory syndrome etc. Many viral infections like human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and Ebola virus are now treated or diagnosed with the help of aptamers. Along with viral infections, aptamers are also promising Chemical antibodies in the treatment of various kinds of cancer like breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, etc. Aptamers have several advantages over conventional antibodies in context to its size, thermal stability, immunogenicity, ease of modification, etc. Aptamers are smaller than conventional antibodies, this property allows aptamers to access in tissue and cell. Aptamers are synthetic agents and we scale up its production as per requirement and it eliminate the various regulatory requirements associated with bio- production. The various roles of aptamers in the treatment and diagnosis of many life- threatening diseases, syndromes and viral infections like cancer, AIDS, Ebola virus lead aptamers to serve as Future Pharmaceutical dosage form or prospective Future of Modern Medical Science.