RESUMEN
Introduction: In addition to smoking, smokeless tobacco hasalso evidently shown its effect on various oral tissues.Smokeless tobacco products have been in existence forthousands of years among populations in South America andSoutheast Asia in varied forms.Methodology: This cross-sectional study investigated theeffect of commonly used smokeless tobacco on periodontalhealth in local population of nearby villages of Air Force StationBakshi Ka Talab, U.P., India, for which 2045 individuals[males=1455 (71%), females=590 (28.9%)] were evaluated.Results: Maximum incidence of smokeless tobaccoconsumption was observed in the age group 21–30 years(39.4%), whereas minimum consumption was observed in theage group 10–20 years (7.5%). The peak smokeless tobaccoconsumption was observed between the ages 21 and 40 years.Recording of oral hygiene measures included in this studyshowed majority of subjects (n=1961) used tooth brushing asthe oral hygiene measure, while some used datoon (n=30;1.5%) for cleaning their teeth and others used their finger(n=54; 2.6%) with or without tooth powder.Conclusion: This study conclude that, PPD were significantlyhigher statistically amongst longer duration (>5 years)smokeless tobacco users as compared to non-tobacco users.
RESUMEN
Background: It is well known that heat stress produces liver injury. It is also known that liver regenerate after injury. This way, there should be almost no or minimal alteration in the size of the liver after regeneration. Aims & Objective: In the present study, after heat induced liver injury, the ability of liver to regenerate itself was assessed. Liver injury was assessed by biochemical [Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase (SGPT); Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT); and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALKP)], morphological, and morphometric changes. On the other hand, Liver regeneration was evaluated by morphological and morphometric observations of male adult albino rats (Wistar strain). Material and Methods: The experimental animals were subjected to repetitive heat stress for 4 hours daily, at 37 ± 0.5 ˚C in a Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) incubator (relative humidity 65 - 82%) for 2 and 5 consecutive days. Biochemical assessment was done on blood collected from left ventricle of beating heart of rats. Morphometric and morphological studies were conducted under light microscope on paraffin sections (H&E) of liver from control and experimental animals. The morphometric analysis was done by intersection – point counting method, using simple square lattice test system. Relative Liver Wet Weight of all animals was calculated. Results: Progressively degenerative changes in morphological observations (disruption of cell plates in liver lobules and Kupffer cell hyperplasia), progressively increased statistical significance of morphometric (numerical density of Kupffer cells on area - Nak), and biochemical parameters informed that increasing liver damage was present with increased repetition of heat exposures in 2 and 5 days heat exposed experimental albino rats. With this liver degeneration, Relative Liver Wet Weight of all the experimental animals should have been decreased but it was not, reiterating about well-known fact of regenerative ability of liver. Along with progressive changes of heat induced liver injury, progressively increasing regenerative changes were also evident on morphological (binucleate cells and anisocytosis) observations supported by statistically significant morphometric (volume density of hepatocytes – Vvh and numerical density of hepatocytes - Nvh) parameters in experimental animals. Conclusion: The above findings suggested that the regenerative ability of liver progressively increased with progressively increasing liver injury.
RESUMEN
Background: There are a number of studies showing the effect of severe heat stress on behaviour. Severe heat stress has been well reported to cause changes in activity level, attitude/mood, and behaviour. But, the effect of repetitive heat stress of moderate level on all these parameters has not been studied extensively. Aims & Objective: In the present study, the effect of repetitive heat stress of moderate level was assessed on activity level, attitude / mood, and behaviour (spontaneous and provoked) of adult albino male rats (wistar strain). Material and Methods: The experimental animals were subjected to repetitive heat stress for 4 hours daily, at 37±0.5ºC in a Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) incubator (relative humidity 65-82%) for five consecutive days. Daily changes were assessed in activity level during and after heat exposure and in attitude / mood along with behaviour (both spontaneous and provoked) after heat exposure in experimental animals and compared with control animals. Results: There was increased restlessness during heat exposure and decreased level of activity after heat exposure in experimental animals. The mood of the experimental animals was depressed and the experimental animals kept them isolated and did not respond on provoking after heat stress. Conclusion: All the above observations confirmed that exposure to repetitive heat stress, even of moderate level, causes significant change in behaviour of male albino rats.