A simplified approach for anaesthetic management of diagnostic procedures in children with anterior mediastinal mass

INTRODUCTION@#Children with an anterior mediastinal mass (AMM) need general anaesthesia (GA) or deep sedation for diagnostic procedures more often than adult patients. Anaesthetic management to prevent such complications includes maintenance of spontaneous ventilation (SV) and prebiopsy corticosteroids/radiotherapy.@*METHODS@#We reviewed the medical records of children with AMM who were brought to the operating theatre for diagnostic procedures (prior to chemotherapy) between 2001 and 2013. Our aim was to describe the clinical features, radiological findings and anaesthetic management, as well as determine any association with complications.@*RESULTS@#25 patients (age range 10 months-14 years) were identified during the study period. Corticosteroid therapy was started before the biopsy for one patient. All 25 patients had GA/sedation. A senior paediatric anaesthesiologist was involved in all procedures. Among 13 high-risk patients, SV was maintained in 11 (84.6%) patients, ketamine was used as the main anaesthetic in 8 (61.5%) patients, 6 (46.2%) patients were in a sitting position and no airway adjunct was used for 7 (53.8%) patients. There were 3 (12.0%) minor complications.@*CONCLUSION@#Based on our results, we propose a simplified workflow, wherein airway compression of any degree is considered high risk. For patients with high-risk features, multidisciplinary input should be sought to decide whether the child would be fit for a procedure under GA/sedation or considered unfit for any procedure. Recommendations include the use of less invasive methods, involving experienced anaesthesiologists to plan the anaesthetic technique and maintaining SV.

Causative Pathogens of Febrile Neutropaenia in Children Treated for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) using intensive chemotherapy has resulted in high cure rates but also substantial morbidity. Infective complications represent a significant proportion of treatment-related toxicity. The objective of this study was to describe the microbiological aetiology and clinical outcome of episodes of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropaenia in a cohort of children treated for ALL at our institution.</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b>Patients with ALL were treated with either the HKSGALL93 or the Malaysia-Singapore (Ma-Spore) 2003 chemotherapy protocols. The records of 197 patients who completed the intensive phase of treatment, defined as the period of treatment from induction, central nervous system (CNS)-directed therapy to reinduction from June 2000 to January 2010 were retrospectively reviewed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were a total of 587 episodes of febrile neutropaenia in 197 patients, translating to an overall rate of 2.98 episodes per patient. A causative pathogen was isolated in 22.7% of episodes. An equal proportion of Gram-positive bacteria (36.4%) and Gram-negative bacteria (36.4%) were most frequently isolated followed by viral pathogens (17.4%), fungal pathogens (8.4%) and other bacteria (1.2%). Fungal organisms accounted for a higher proportion of clinically severe episodes of febrile neutropaenia requiring admission to the high-dependency or intensive care unit (23.1%). The overall mortality rate from all episodes was 1.5%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Febrile neutropaenia continues to be of concern in ALL patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy. The majority of episodes will not have an identifiable causative organism. Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria were the most common causative pathogens identified. With appropriate antimicrobial therapy and supportive management, the overall risk of mortality from febrile neutropaenia is extremely low.</p>

A report from the Singapore Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (SG-CCSS): a multi-institutional collaborative study on long-term survivors of childhood cancer, initial analysis reporting for the SG-CCSS

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>Worldwide, the survival rates among childhood cancer patients are increasing. As such, assessing the risk of late effects and complications are increasingly becoming more important. The degree of risk of late effects may be influenced by various treatment-related factors.</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b>The Singapore Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (SGCCSS) consists of all individuals who survived at least 2 or more years after treatment for cancer diagnosed during childhood or adolescence. Phase I of SG-CCSS is the identification of all eligible patients between 1981 and 2005.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were a total of 1440 patients registered in the Singapore Childhood Cancer Registry. Among these, 704 (48.9%) patients were from the KK Women's and Children's Hospital (KKH) and 626 (43.5%) were from the National University Hospital (NUH). Of all the registered patients, the most common cancer in childhood was leukaemia [42.6% (n = 613)] and the second most common was brain tumour [14.9% (n = 215)]. A total of 1043 (72.4%) patients were surviving, of whom 839 (80.4%) were long-term survivors. Haematological malignancies were found in 492 (58.6%) survivors whilst 347 (41.4%) were diagnosed with various solid tumours. Among leukaemic patients (n = 613), 65.6% (n = 402) were long-term survivors. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) (n = 484) had the highest percentage of [80.9% (n = 392)] of surviving patients, of whom 73.4% were long term-survivors. For brain tumour (n = 215), there were 95 (44.2%) long-term survivors.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Preliminary analysis revealed that 58.3% of patients were long-term survivors. Our hope is to tailor all future therapy for childhood cancers, optimising cure rates whilst minimising long-term side-effects.</p>

Avoiding dialysis in tumour lysis syndrome: is urate oxidase effective? - a case report and review of literature

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>Hyperuricaemia in tumour lysis syndrome (TLS) can cause acute renal failure (ARF), necessitating dialysis. Recombinant urate oxidase (rasburicase) converts uric acid to soluble allantoin, which is excreted easily.</p><p><b>CASE REPORT</b>An 8-year-old boy with stage 3 Burkitt's lymphoma, TLS was successfully treated with hyper-hydration, diuretics and rasburicase, without dialysis. This is the first paediatric case in Kandang Kerbau Women's & Children's Hospital (KKH) in which rasburicase was used. We review the literature on the effectiveness of urate oxidase in avoiding dialysis in TLS.</p><p><b>TREATMENT AND OUTCOME</b>Our patient developed rapidly rising serum uric acid (SUA) and progressive renal impairment. Hyper-hydration and rasburicase (0.2mg/kg) were administered. SUA rapidly decreased from 1308 to 437 mmol/L within 12 hours. Urate oxidase has shown better results than allopurinol. There was a need for dialysis in 0.4% to 1.7% of patients with haematological malignancies given rasburicase, compared to 20% in patients given allopurinol.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Rasburicase can reverse renal insufficiency. Though expensive, it may be cost-effective by lowering incidence of dialysis, shortening the duration of intensive care and hospitalisation, allowing early chemotherapy.</p>

Epidemiology, management and treatment outcome of medulloblastoma in singapore

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>Medulloblastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumour is the most common type of malignant brain tumour in children. Long-term survival rates have improved over the years with a combination of surgical, radiotherapeutic and chemotherapeutic treatment modalities in the developed world. This paper aims to analyse the epidemiology and outcome of medulloblastoma in Singapore and compare our results with those reported in the literature.</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b>A 9-year retrospective study was done using data reported to the Singapore Children's Cancer Registry from June 1997 to June 2005. Only 39 children up to the age of 15 years diagnosed histologically with medulloblastoma or primitive neuroectodermal tumour arising from the cerebellum were included in the study. Follow-up data were collected up to June 2006 and analysed using SPSS v 13.0 software.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Medulloblastoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumour was the most common type of brain tumour, accounting for 40.7% of all brain tumours diagnosed in children in Singapore. The 5-year event-free survival rate was 44.5%, while the 5- year overall survival rate was 51.5%. Nearly half (41%) of our patients had spinal metastasis at presentation and this was associated with a worse event-free survival (6.3% vs 71.9%, P = 0). Children under 36 months of age had a significantly poorer overall survival (28.8% vs 52.2%, P = 0.041).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The outcome of medulloblastoma in Singapore was inferior to reported figures in the literature. We need to close identified gaps in care, like standardising assessment and treatment protocols, in order to improve our results. Research into molecular and genetic characteristics may also throw light on whether the disease is inherently more aggressive in our population.</p>

Use of complementary and alternative medicine in paediatric oncology patients in Singapore

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is garnering increasing interest and acceptance among the general population. Although usage is thought to be widespread among paediatric cancer patients, local studies have not been done. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and predictors of CAM usage in paediatric cancer patients in a single institution.</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b>Parents of 73 paediatric cancer patients treated at KK Women's & Children's Hospital completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data about the types of CAM therapies used, motivations for use, adverse effects, costs and discussion of usage with the patient's physician were obtained. General perceptions towards CAM and conventional medicine were explored. A subsequent telephone survey enquired about spirituality, benefits of CAM use and overall satisfaction with the therapies.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Two-thirds of patients used at least 1 CAM treatment, mainly as supportive adjuncts to conventional cancer treatment. Dietary changes, health supplements, herbal tea and bird's nest were the most common therapies used. Few patients (8.1%) consulted a CAM practitioner. Positive predictors of CAM usage included being of Chinese race, the practice of Buddhism or Taoism, the use of CAM prior to diagnosis, perception of CAM effectiveness and dissatisfaction with conventional treatment. Significantly, 55.1% of the parents had not discussed their CAM usage with their child's physician.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>A substantial proportion of paediatric cancer patients utilises CAM therapies, often without their physician's knowledge. Healthcare providers need to remain cognisant of the potential implications of CAM usage in order to proactively counsel patients. This would ensure that conventional therapy remains uncompromised.</p>