Prenanthes violaefolia Decne. (Asteraceae)-a new report from Kashmir Himalaya, India

Objective:To enumerate the diversity of important medicinal plants used traditionally by the local populace in biodiversity rich and temperate Himalayan ranges of Bandipora district, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Methods:Methods used to explore the plants with medicinal value and to record associated ethnomedicinal knowledge included semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and walk-in-the-woods with local knowledgeable persons, traditional practitioners called“Bhoeris”and tribals (Gujjars and Bakkerwals). Results:During plant exploration in this floristically rich Himalayan region, a very interesting and less-known species of the genus Prenanthes L., (Asteraceae) was recorded. On examination, the species was identified as Prenanthes violaefolia Decne., which represents a first report from Kashmir Himalaya, India. Conclusions: Prenanthes violaefolia could serve as an important source of new potent compounds provided that it is subjected to thorough phytochemical and pharmacological investigations.

Antioxidative response of Lemna polyrrhiza L. to cadmium stress.

Growth, lipid peroxidation, different antioxidative enzymes and metal accumulation were studied in Lemna polyrrhiza treated with different concentrations (1-40 ppm) of CdSO4. The growth of the plant was slightly enhanced with 1 ppm, while higher concentrations retarted growth and multiplication of fronds, the effect being concentration and dose dependant. Increase in malondialdehyde content was insignificant after the first week but a prolonged exposure led to significant (p < 0.05) increase of about 38% and 45% over the control in 20 and 30 ppm, respectively after four weeks. Catalase (EC 1.11.1.6; CAT) activity increased at low concentration, but it declined to 42% and 54% at 40 ppm after 6 and 30 days, respectively Superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1; SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11;APx) and glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) increased at both low as well at high concentrations, but a prolonged exposure to high concentration of Cd (40 ppm) led to significant (p < 0.05) decline in the mean activities of these antioxidant enzymes. Accumulation of Cd in biomass was concentration and time dependant However at high concentration of 40 ppm, Cd accumulation did not increase significantly (p < 0.05) with time. Increased activities of antioxidant enzymes in Cd treated plants suggest that metal tolerance in L. polyrrhiza might be associated to the changes of antioxidant enzymatic activities.