Gaining comprehensive data about sexual knowledge through surveys

Background: delivery of sexual health services rely on rigorous facts extracted from surveys, but often those facts cannot be available due to the lack of culturallysensitive questionnaires

Objective: our aim was to show the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Acquisition of Sexual Information Test [ASIT], a measure selected due to its assemblages with Iranian culture

Materials and Methods: forward-backward procedure was applied to translate the questionnaire. Cross-sectional study was carried out and psychometric properties of the Iranian version were tested in a thirty sample of reproductive-age women. Face validity was assessed by qualitative and quantitative methods. Content validity was also assessed by calculating two quantitative indicators as content validity index [CVI] and content validity ratio [CVR]. Reliability was assessed by test-retest analyses

Results: impact score was 1.5, the majority of participants [83.3%] stated that the overall level of questionnaire was high but some of the questions were irrelevant to sexual knowledge. Many questions [90%] gained a CVR less than 0.56, and all of them gained CVIs lower than 0.7. Correlation in test-retest reliability was 0.85

Conclusion: sexual knowledge questionnaire seems to be culturally inappropriate for Iranian women. Although, we need survey data for assessing the evidence-based needs for sexual health and best practice, but the questions addressing various dimensions of sexuality must be culturally sensitive, comprehensive and appropriate. Our findings suggest that ASIT as a well-known measure should be used in Iranian population with caution

[Social relationships and health: findings from the Iranian Health Perception Survey [IHPS]]

Objective [s]: To assess social relationships status oamong Iranians and find out its association with their health condition

Methods: It was a cross-sectional study of a sample of 27,883 general population of Iran aged 18 to 65 years. Social relationships were measured using a single item rated on a 5-point Lkert scale. Self-reported health also was measured by a similar question. Logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the data

Results: Most participants indicated that they had good and very good social relationships. Gender, employment status, and income had significant association with social relationships. Negative assessment of health increased the risk of low social relationships up to 6.58 times and similarly negative assessment of very poor or poor social relationships increased the risk of lower health status up to 5.6 to 7.3 times respectively

Conclusion: The findings suggest that social relationships are associated with social factors such as income, gender and employment. Also social relationship has significant effect on public's health. Perhaps social relationships could be considered as a mediatory factor between social condition and health

Air pollution: the knowledge and ideas of students in Tehran-Iran, and a comparison with other countries

Study of students' knowledge about air pollution can help authorities to have better imagination of this critical environmental problem. This research examines guidance school and high school students' ideas about air pollution and the results may be useful for the respective authorities to improve cultural and educational aspects of next generation. In this cross-sectional study, a closed questionnaire was used to examine knowledge and ideas of 2140 randomly selected school students of Tehran-Iran about composition of unpolluted air, air pollution and its causes and consequences. Cognitive scores were also calculated. Outcomes were compared with results of similar researches in Australia, Hong Kong and the United Kingdom. While a student's 'cognitive score' could range from -16 to +16, Iranian students' mean cognitive score was equal to +2.97. There was not significant statistical difference between girls and boys [P=0.32]. In response to question "most common gas in unpolluted air" nitrogen was mentioned by only 23.7%, While 45.1% of students mentioned oxygen. In general, student's knowledge was not acceptable and there were some misconceptions such as "supposing oxygen as the most prevalent gas in unpolluted air". The findings of this survey indicate that, this important stratum of society of Iran have been received no sufficient and efficient education and sensitization on this matter

[Depression among the general population in Iran: Iranian health perception survey]

Objective[s): To collect data on self-reported depression among the general population in Iran and indicate its contributing factors

Methods: This was a nationwide cross sectional study. A random sample of individuals aged between 18 and 65 years were entered into the study. Respondents were asked to rate their anxiety on a 5-point scale. The record of demographic and socioeconomic data included age, gender, education, marital status, employment, income, self-reported health and chronic diseases. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios for contributing factors to self-reported depression

Results: In all 27,883 individuals took part in the study. The mean age of respondents was 32.7 [SD = 11.8) years. Overall 8.6% reported that they were very or very much depressed. The results obtained from logistic regression analysis showed that divorced [OR= 2.46] and wife dead [OR= 1.77], unemployed [OR= 1.45], lower income groups [OR =1.65], those with lower self-reported health [OR for lowest group=7.27], and having at least one chronic disease [OR=1.58], were more likely to suffer from depression

Conclusion: The findings indicated that there were inverse relationships between depression, marital status, income and self-reported health

[Happiness among Iranians: findings from the Iranian Health Perception Survey [IHPS]]

Objective[s]: As part of a study on health perception among Iranian people, the happiness with affected factors was assessed

Methods: This was a population-based study. A random sample of individuals aged between 18 and 65 years were entered into the study. Respondents were asked to rate a 5-point happiness scale indicating their own present happiness status. The data were analyzed descriptively. In addition logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between independent variables and happiness

Results: In all 27,883 individuals took part in the study. The mean age of respondents was 32.7 [SD=11.8] years. Overall 39.3% rated their happiness as 'neither much/nor low', 35.4% as 'much" and 3% as "Not at all". The findings showed that in addition to some demographic variables such as employment and income, the self-rated health was the most significant contributing factor to happiness [OR=7.82, 95% CI=5.32-11.48, P<0.0001]

Conclusion: The findings suggest that improving daily living conditions might help to improve happiness among the Iranian population

[Iranian's percpectives about health importance]

Objective[s]: As part of a study on health perception among Iranian people, the importance of health was assessed

Methods: This was a population-based study. A random sample of individuals aged between 18 and 65 years were entered into the study. Respondents were asked to rate a 5-point scale indicating how value health in their life. The data were analyzed descriptively. In addition logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between independent variables and the importance of health

Results: In all 27,883 individuals took part in the study. The mean age of respondents was 32.7 [SD=11.8] years. The results indicated that 70 percent of the respondents valued the health very or very much important. For there analysis of the data showd that males and females valued the health similarly but age and education had significant contribution to people's perceptions

Conclusion: The findings of this study intoduce a noteworthy outlook of health importance among Iraninas and could be useful in characterizing public cognitions of health and provide essential basis for program development and health related interventions

People's perspectives and expectations on preparedness against earthquake: Tehran case study

The present study aimed at identifying the methods and appropriate strategies for public awareness and education on preparedness in earthquakes in Tehran metropolis. This was a cross-sectional study. The study was a door-to-door survey of the 22 municipal districts in Tehran and involved a total of 1211 subjects aged 15 and above. People were asked about different methods of public information and education, as well as the types of information needed for earthquake preparedness. The important issues indicated by respondents were supervision on building construction and strengthening of buildings as well as public education. The educational tools and media that were proposed by the respondents included television, radio, posters, educational classes, newspapers and instructional pamphlets regarding earthquakes, video films and internet, respectively. The study has also shown that with the assumption of earthquake occurrence in Tehran, the most important sources for getting immediate information were the general public and TV. 70% of the respondents believed that in case of earthquake prediction, people should be informed by the media. The study findings revealed that information dissemination alone can not result in changing people's perspectives and behaviors. Appropriate methods are needed along with increasing people's understanding and raising their awareness on the earthquake damage in order to encourage them to learn and implement preventive measures. The paper also indicated that mass media have important role in public education and providing people with adequate information about disasters

[People's knowledge on health and life style]

A study of relationship between self-reported knowledge on health and lifestyle. This is a cross-sectional study and the study population is all Iranian aged between 18-65. In this study 27883 cases have been sampled by the multistage sampling method. A questionnaire was used for data gathering that was made and standardized by researchers. The bivariate correlation between self-reported general knowledge on health and three variables for assessing life style consist of nutrition status, Smoking and exercise was meaningful for all variables. The relationship between knowledge and smoking way negative and the other were positive. Trying to promote people's knowledge may increase their health related behavior and life style. In this way strengthening health communication in the Medias and updating existing information can improve people's knowledge. By the way trying to improve health literacy in the community may affect use of existing information and improve people's knowledge on health

Iranian health perception survey [IHPS]: the study protocol

This paper aims to document our approach to data collection for a nationwide study on health perception among an Iranian general population using a simple and short questionnaire. This project was developed through group discussions in Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research. An extensive literature search carried out to provide a simple and short questionnaire to cover topics related to health [physical, mental and social], health-related behaviors, self-reported health, health information, and satisfaction with health care as perceived and rated by the respondents. The intention was to collect data from a random sample of individuals aged between 18 and 65 years living in Iran. Primarily a sample of 24000 individuals from all 30 provinces in Iran was thought. However, the actual sample size obtained was 27883. The plan then was to analyze the data using a descriptive approach locally and nationally. It is hoped that this study would provide basic information for better understanding on how people thinking and how they are behaving about their health. Based on the results obtained we also might be able to establish areas for health interventions and contribute to health policy in Iran

Determinants of satisfaction with health care system: a population-based study from Iran

Satisfaction with health care system is an important indicator of health care delivery effectiveness. It could contribute to both policy and practice. This study aimed to examine Iranians' satisfaction with health care. This was a nationwide cross sectional study. A random sample of individuals aged between 18 and 65 years were entered into the study. Respondents were asked to rate their overall satisfaction with health care system on a 5-point-likert scale. The record of demographic and socioeconomic data included age, gender, education, marital status, employment, income, and chronic diseases. Logistic regression analysis used to estimate odds ratios to indicate factors contributing to satisfaction with health care system. In all, 27,833 individuals examined in this study. The mean age of respondents was 32.7 [SD=11.8] years old. Overall 20.7% of the respondents were satisfied or very satisfied with the health care delivery system while 36.2% of people indicated low or no satisfaction with health care system. The regression analysis results indicated that income [a proxy measure of access to health care], and information variable were the most significant factors contributing to people's dissatisfaction [OR for lower income=2.17, P<0.0001; OR for people with poor health information=2.01, P<0.001]. The study findings suggest that access to health care and information would lead to improved people's satisfaction with health care system

People's perspectives about the role of physicians and health specialists: Iranian health perception Survey [IHPS]

To identify community views on the role of physicians and health specialists on people's health. This was a nationwide cross sectional study. A random sample of 27883 individuals aged between 18 and 65 years were entered into the study. Each respondent was asked to indicate the role that health professionals play in the public community health. In all, 45.2% of the respondents indicated that health professionals had very influence in shaping public community health while only 1.8% of people believed [they have no role]. However, about 30% of people indicated a limited role for health professionals. The findings suggest that about one-third of people believe health professional do not have influential role in public health. This might be an indicator of people's access to health care and merits future investigation

Percieved health knowledge among Iranians: a nationwide study

People's knowledge about health is one of the essential requirements for improving health. This study aimed to investigate how people rate their own knowledge about health at population level. This was a nationwide cross sectional study. A random sample of individuals aged between 18 and 65 years were entered into the study. Respondents were asked to rate their knowledge about health on a 5 point scale. Demografic and socioeconomic data including age, gender, education, marital status, employment, income, chronic diseases and self-reported health were recorded. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios for contributing factors to self-reported knowledge on health. In all 27,883 individuals looks part in the study. The mean age of the respondents was 32.7 years. Most people [48.3%] reported that their knowledge about health was at intermediate level. The result obtained from logistic regression analysis showed that all demographic variables [age, gender, education, marital status, employment and income] and people's health status [having chronic disease and self-reported health] were significant predicting factors of people's perceived knowledge about health. Radio and television were identified as the main information sources. The findings indicated that the perceived health knowledge among Iranians was fair. However it seems that mass media should take more responsibility to improve health knowledge of the general population

Who is responsible for health: Iranian health perception survey [IHPS]

To examine how people thinking and behaving about their health. This was a nationwide cross sectional study. A random sample of individuals age 18 to 65 years were entered into the study. Respondents were asked to rate their views on a 5-point scale indicating who is responsible for their own health. The record of demographic and socioeconomic data included age, gender, education, marital status, employment, income and chronic diseases. Logistic regression analysis used to estimate odds ratios for contributing factors to responsibility for health. In all, 27,883 individuals taken part in the study. The means age of the respondents was 33.67 [SD=11.8] years. Overall, 52% of people reported that individuals themselves are responsible for their own health and 14% reported that the state is responsible for public community health. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that males [OR=1.40], low level income groups [OR=1.43], having at least one chronic disease [OR=1.52] were more likely to assign responsibility for health to governance sectors. The findings suggest that most people believe that health is a personal issue that everybody should take care of him or herself

How people rate their own health: a nationwide study from Iran

Little is known about self-reported health in developing countries such as Iran. As part of a large study on health perception in Iran this was investigated. This was a nationwide cross sectional study. A random sample of individuals aged between 18 and 65 years were entered into the study. Respondents were asked to rate their own present health status on a 5-point scale. The record of demographic and socioeconomic data included age, gender, education, marital status, employment, income, place of residence, and chronic diseases. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for indicating of the contributing factors to self-reported health. In all 27,883 individuals were studied. The mean age of respondents was 32.7 [SD = 11.8] years. 71.5% rated their health as good or better than good while the remaining 28.5% indicated their health less than good and poor. The findings showed that in addition to some demographic variables, the most contributing factors to poor self-rated health were: income [OR=2.81 for lower income], and presence of chronic diseases [OR=7.6, 85%CI=6.8-7.5]. Living in smaller towns was found to contribute to a better self-reported health [OR=0.89, P=0.01]. The findings indicated that there were inverse relationships between self-reported health and socioeconomic and ecological factors. The results suggest that social determinants of health play an important role in people's evaluation of their own health status. Policies need to address these concerns

Prevalence of tobacco consumption: Iranian health perception survey

To determine prevalence of tobacco consumption among Iranians. This was a nationwide cross sectional study. A random sample of individuals aged between 18 and 65 years were entered into the study. Prevalence of tobacco consumption was measured asking each respondent to indicate whether they consume tobacco products [cigarette, hookak and pipe] or not, and if yes how much? In all 27,883 individuals looks part in the study. The mean age of the respondents was 32.7 years [SD=11.8]. 74.6% of the respondents indicated that they were not smokers and among the smokers, 10.4% smoke 1-5 cigarettes daily, 8.5% smoke 6-10, 4.6% smoke 11-20 and 1.5% smoke more than 20 cigarettes per day. Logistic regression analysis showed that age, education, gender, occupation and marital status had significant relationship with smoking. The findings suggest that one out of four individuals consume tobacco to some extent. The need for interventions to reduce smoking among Iranian adult population seems necessary

Trait anxiety among Iranians: a nationwide study

To collect data on self-reported anxiety among the general population in Iran and indicate its contributing factors. This was a nationwide cross sectional study. A random sample of individuals aged between 18 and 65 years were entered into the study. Respondents were asked to rate their anxiety on a 5-point scale. The record of demographic and socioeconomic data included age, gender, education, marital status, employment, income, and chronic diseases. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios for contributing factors to self-reported anxiety. In all 27,883 individuals took part in the study. The mean age of respondents was 32.7 [SD = 11.8] years. Overall 20.1% reported that they were very or very much anxious. The results obtained from logistic regression analysis showed that females [OR=1.52], lower income groups [OR for lowest income group=1.53], having at least one chronic disease [OR=1.27], and those with lower self-reported health [OR for lowest group=5.12], were more likely to suffer from poor mental health. The findings indicated that there were inverse relationships between anxiety, income and self-reported health. The contributing of income to psychological distress might be explained in the context of social determinants of health

Lifestyle and nutrition behaviors among Iranian population

There is a strong belief that poor nutrition is a major risk factor for developing ill health including chronic diseases. As part of a study on health perception among Iranian people, the relationship of nutrition with other lifestyle factors was assessed. This was a population-based study. A random sample of individuals aged between 18 and 65 years were entered into the study. Respondents were asked to indicate how much they look after of own nutrition status. They rated their behavior on a 5-point scale. In addition to socio-demographic, the record of lifestyle data included smoking, and physical activity. Descriptive statistic and correlation were used to analyze the data. In all 27,883 individuals taken part in this study. The mean age of respondents was 32.7 [SD = 11.8] years old. 39.3% and 13.4% respondents indicated that they were very or very much concerned about their nutrition issues respectively. Further analysis showed that there were a positive correlation between nutrition behaviors and other lifestyle habits. Non-smokers, those with higher level of physical activities and those who were more health-oriented were more likely to take care of themselves regarding nutrition issues. The findings suggest that health-related behaviors are very connected to each other. Indeed cognitive interventions might be necessary to improve the health-related behaviors among Iranian nation

Chronic diseases in a population-based study: Iranian health perception survey [IHPS]

To describe self-reported chronic diseases in Iran. This was a nationwide cross sectional study. A random sample of individuals aged between 18 and 65 years were entered into the study. Demografic and socioeconomic data including age, gender, education, marital status, employment, income, and chronic diseases were recorded. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios for contributing factors to self-reported chronic diseases. In all, 5518 individuals [20.7%] reported that they were suffering from chronic diseases. The frequency for major chronic diseases were: cardiovascular 1814 [6.5%], diabetes 933 [3.3%], musculoskeletal 2050 [7.4%], Cancer 205 [0.7] and the other diseases 953 [3.4%] Smoking, lack of adequate physical activity, low educational levels, lack of attention to nutritional status and overall health status were significantly associated with reported chronic diseases. This study confirmed that following epidemiologic transition, chronic diseases can impose the most important part of the burden of disease to many communities even to the most developing countries

[Stress in medical students: a cross-sectional study]

There is little doubt that medical students are subject to considerable amounts of physical and mental stress, resulting in high rates of depression and anxiety as well as other health problems. The present study- conducted from June to August 2006- looks at the problem of stress among Iranian medical students. A total of 742 students in different stages of their general medical training filled in a questionnaire dealing with personal and demographic characteristics, physical and mental stress, social relations and perceived job perspectives as well as problems faced at home and the campus. For each participant, a total stress score computed and its association with putative risk factors examined using Mann-Whitney test, non-parametric correlations and logistic regression analysis. In logistic regression analysis, the following factors were found to have significant, independent associations with a high degree of stress: female gender [P=0.001], living in a large family [P=0.01], low income [P=0.05], training in clinical rotations [P<0.001] and internship [P<0.001] and separation from the family [P=0.01]. From a student's perspective, the most important problems [stressors] faced by the students included crowded campus and dormitories, poor learning facilities, work overload, humiliation and abuse from staff and faculty members. Addressing the financial needs of the students [e.g. easier access to student loans], developing better communication skills, education in various relaxation and stress reduction techniques, and measures to reduce workload are recommended to mitigate the effects of physical and mental stress in medical students. Key words: Stress, Medical students, Cause, Cross-sectional

[Problems encountered in the management and disposal of dead bodies after the Bam earthquake: a qualitative study]

In the wake of a natural disaster, dealing with dead bodies is one of the most difficult issues in the early response phase, requiring careful planning in advance. It follows that the risk analysis phase for any natural disaster should include a study of the history of similar events and a thorough review of the measures taken as well as the difficulties faced by those involved in the disposal of dead bodies. This was a qualitative study comprising the following stages: 1] data collection through in-depth interviews with over 30 people- including those in managerial positions- who were involved in the response phase after the Bam earthquake, 2]data analysis based on the grounded theory, 3] data extraction and identification of key variables, and 4] development of a theoretical model based on these variables. In the response phase after the Bam event, key issues regarding the management of human corpses were identification, confirmation of death, and burying the bodies. The most prominent issues fell into the following categories: 1] problems with the procedures and structures employed in corpse management, 2] problems with identification, 3] acceptability to the community of the procedures used in corpse management, 4] inadequate attention of specific technical details as regards confirmation of death and burial. In the event of another disaster, the present structures and procedures cannot mount an adequate response with regard to corpse management. Experience from other countries has shown that the disruption caused by major disasters can provoke hasty, injudicious decisions with irremediable adverse consequences. Problems do exist, but they must no serve as an excuse to compromise standards and ignore basic requirements for death confirmation, corpse identification, and proper burial