Electromyographical activity of erector spinae and glutens medius muscles in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis during gait

Background and Objectives: Understanding the muscle activity during gait in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis [AIS] is clinically important. The objectives of this study was to analyze electrical activity of erector spinae muscles at T6 [ESj[6]X T10 [ES[t]10] and L3 [ESu] levels as well as glutens medius [GM] muscle during walking in female adolescents with and without idiopathic scoliosis

Materials and Methods: Twenty female adolescents with right thoracic scoliosis and 18 healthy adolescent control females [all 11 to 17 years old] participated in this study. An imaging system synchronized with a MA300-16 electromyography system and bipolar surfece electrodes were used to measure electrical activities of ES[t6], ESno, ESu and GM muscles during gait. Repeated measure analysis of variance and MANOVA were used for the comparisons within and between groups

Results: During the right stance phase, the activity of right ESroand left GM muscles in scoliotic patients were significantly [1.8 and 1.4 times] greater than that of control group [P=0.03]. In the left stance phase, scoliosis group showed higher activity at right and left GM muscles than control group [NX04]. In the right and left swing phase, the EMG activity of right GM and right ES[t6] muscles of scoliotic patients was respectively greater than that of controls. The right over left ratio of ES[t6] muscle activity for scoliosis group was higher than that for control group at all phases of gait cycle excqit for the right swing phase

Conclusion: AIS patients displayed greater activity in the right ESt6 and the right and left GM muscles during walking. AIS patients presented asymmetrical muscle activity in ES-ra muscle. EMG assessment during gait might have clinical importance in the detection of scoliotic curvature progression

Metacognitive beliefs and students' tendency toward drug abbuse and cross-level effect of school-bounding

Objective: The present research aimed to examine positive and negative beliefs about worry and tendency of students to drug abuse in terms of cross-level effect of school-bounding

Methods: In this multi-level investigation, 1000 students of high schools were selected by means of multi-stage sampling technique. Then, they completed metacognitive questionnaire [MCQ], school-bounding and questionnaire of readiness for addiction scale [Wade and Butcher]. The data were analyzed by cross-level analytical method

Results: Findings showed that positive and negative metacognitive beliefs significantly affect students' tendency to drug abuse and the variable of school-bounding has direct and significant effect on students' tendency to drug abuse while it has indirect and significant effect on relationship among negative and positive beliefs about worry and tendency to drug abuse

Conclusion: The results indicate the importance of taking multi-level approach toward tendency to drug abuse and addiction and using microlevel and macrolevel to define phenomenon of addiction and tendency to drug abuse

[ effectiveness of combination of structural and solution- focused family therapy[cutting down on use of substance] in treatment of the substance abuse and the family function improvement]

Introduction: among different specific strategies for treatment of drug abuse disorders, Family therapy has been attractive forre searcher. The family therapy would increase the efficacy of other approaches. The purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of integration of structural and solution- focused family therapy[cutting down on use of substance] in treating substan ceabusers and improving family function.

Methods: This semi-experimentalstudy was carried out with preand post-test and a six-month follow-up along with Control group. The population included all families who hada drug abuser member and referred to zibadasht health center in 22nd district of Tehran in 2013.30 families selected viaConvenience sampling method and after matching, they were randomly divided into two experiment [15 families] and control [15 families] groups. Demographic questionnaire, addicts tests [opium] and family survey were used to collect data. pre and post-tests and also a six-month follow up were given for both groups .Data was analyzed through SPSS11 using multi-variables covariance anlysis and chi-squar test.

Results:The results revealed that combination of structural and solution- focused family therapy is effective in both treating substance abusers [cutting down on use of substance] and enhancing the family function since 80 percent of population in post-test [X2= 20, p<0.0001] and 66 percent of population in sixmonth follow-up [X2= 11.63, p<0.0001] were succeed to cut down on substance use.

ConclusionsThis study indicates thatan integrative approaches includingsolution-focused family therapy and structural one are more effective than the single approache in the treating [cutting down on use of substance]drug abusers and increasing their families' function.

[Factors influencing on the proper model of motivational beliefs in high school students, Tehran, Iran]

Motivational beliefs are a series of personal and social criteria to which people refer in order to perform an action and they include different constructions which are made by different theoretical models such as attribution theory, self-efficiency theory, goal theory and intrinsic motivation theory. The purpose of this study was to examine the effective factors [familial, Individual, academic and environmental] on providing a good model for motivational beliefs of students, Tehran city, capital of Iran. The present research was conducted through survey method and statistical sample comprise 499 high school students including: 282 female [56.6%] and 217 male [43.4%] within the age group of 15-18. These students were selected by proportionate stratified sampling among high school students located in district 1 of Tehran city in 2010. The instruments utilized were Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire [MSLQ], The School Attitude Assessment Survey_Revised [SAAS_R], Rotter's internal-external control scale, Researcher designed questionnaire for assessing academic factors, Researcher designed questionnaire for assessing social values and culture and family socio-economic status questionnaire. The data was analyzed through independent sample tests, pearson correlation test and multiple simultaneous regressions. The results revealed that most significant relation between previous mentioned factors and students' motivational beliefs in order include: environmental factors [r=0.440], individual factors [r=0.426] and academic factors [r=0.248] [P<0.01]. Familial factors do not have significant relationship with students' motivational beliefs [r=-0.002, P>0.05]. The study revealed that there were direct and positive relations between students' motivational beliefs and environmental, individual and academic factors