[Study of culture and antibiogram results in deep neck infections]

Backgrounds and Objectives: Neck deep infections are potentially threatening life conditions which can occur while using broad spectrum antibiotics. Early diagnostic and therapeutic interventions are essential in approaching these infections. As these infections are prevalent and there are difficulties in diagnosis and curing these infections and threatening morbidities they have, we decided to study the results of culture and anti-bio gram in these patients, for determination of these parameters, sensitivity, resistance of antibiotic used for these organisms and selection of appropriate antibiotic

Materials and Methods: In 100 patients admitted with a diagnosis of deep neck spaces infection between July 2008 and November 2012, pus was aspirated and sent to microbiology lab for gram staining, culture and anti-bio gram. Types of isolated bacteria and the sensitivity and resistance rate were defined

Results: In our study 100 patients with a diagnosis of deep neck spaces infection were studied. Average age was 33.8 +/- 13.43 years old. 65% were male, 4% had diabetes, 3% had the history of abscess/cellulitis, 3% had liver disease, 2% had the history of opiate addiction and 6% had the history of alcohol consumption. In 71% culture was negative and in 29% it was positive. 68.9% were gram positive cocci and 31.1% were gram negative bacilli. From 29 positive cultures, 13[44.8%] were Streptococcus Viridans, 5[17.2%] were Staphylococcus, 5[17.2%] were Klebsiella Pneumoniae, 2[6.9%] were beta hemolytic Streptococcus, 2 [6.9%] were Haemophilus Influenzae and 2[6.9%] were Entrobacter. Final diagnosis was peritonsillar abscess and cellulitis. In 22% the etiology was pharyngitis, in 18% was Odontogenic, in 5% were upper respiratory tract infections, in 2% was dermatologic infection and in 1% was foreign body. Etiology was unknown in 51% of the patients. The most sensitivity was to Vancomycin [100%], Imipenem [100%], Erythromycin [80%] and Levofloxacin [80%]. The less sensitivity was to Gentamycin [50%] and Penicillin G [28.6%]. There was no statistically significant relation between the culture results and demographic variants or patient's medical history

Conclusion: Deep neck infection is a life threatening disease. Antibiotics should be started after blood sampling for culture and antibiogram and continued according to antibiogram results. Beginning antibiotics before blood sampling will result in wrong findings in culture and antibiogram

Effect of low level laser application at the end of surgery to reduce pain after tonsillectomy in adults

Tonsillectomy is among commonest otorhinolaryngologic surgeries. Many methods have been used to control post surgical pain, but despite it, pain is still one of the problems related to this operation. Recently, due to the non invasiveness of low level lasers, this modality has attracted attention. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of low level laser irradiation at the end of surgery on reduction of pain after tonsillectomy in adults. In a clinical trial, 60 adult patients, candidates for tonsillectomy were randomly assigned to two groups, A and B, and both groups were anesthetized similarly by the same technique. At the end of surgery, in the case group, the tonsils' bed were irradiated by infrared laser with 980nm wavelength, 100Hz, 4J/cm[2] from the infra mandibular angle. In the control group, the tonsils' bed had laser therapy with a turned off probe. Following laser treatment, the patients were reversed and extubated and consciousness achieved, pain and odynophagia were assessed at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24h post surgery based on visual analog scale for pain [VAS] and analgesic consumption. In the laser group frequency of patients with pain sensation in each evaluated hour was lower than in the control group. The amount of pain decrease and analgesic consumption reduction was significantly higher in patients who received laser [P=0.01]. Based on the results of this study, use of low level lasers is effective in reducing tonsillectomy post surgical pain in adults

Effect of in ovo ghrelin administration on serum malondialdehyde level in newly-hatched chickens

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate effects of in ovo ghrelin administration on serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level in newly-hatched chickens.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Fertilized eggs were divided into 7 groups: group T1 as control (without injection), group T2 (in ovo injected with 50 ng/egg ghrelin on day 5), group T3 (in ovo injected with 100 ng/egg ghrelin on day 5), group T4 (in ovo injected with 50 ng/egg ghrelin on day 10), group T5 (in ovo injected with 100 ng/egg ghrelin on day 10), group T6 (in ovo injected with solvent: 1% acetic acid, without ghrelin on day 5) and group T7 (in ovo injected with solvent without ghrelin on day 10). After hatching, serum MDA concentrations were determined.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Ghrelin administrated groups (T2, T3, T4 and T5) had lower serum MDA level in comparison with control group (T1) or solvent injected groups (T6 and T7). T2 and T3 (ghrelin injection on day 5) had significantly lower MDA concentrations (4.10 and 4.60 nmol/mL, respectively) in comparison with other groups. In T4 and T5, MDA levels were lower than T1, T6 and T7 (non-ghrelin administrated groups) (9.53 and 9.50 in comparison with 10.73, 10.03 and 10.13 nmol/mL) and were higher than T2 and T3.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>It can be concluded that in ovo administration of ghrelin can have anti-oxidative protection and reduce serum MDA level. Ghrelin administration on day 5 of incubation is more efficient.</p>