RESUMEN
A copaíba (Copaifera reticulata Ducke), planta medicinal bastante usada nas regiões Norte e Nordeste do Brasil, tem difícil permeação cutânea na forma in natura, e esta permeabilidade é aumentada através do uso de nanoformulações e ainda a fonoforese, ultrassom de baixa frequência que aumenta a permeabilidade cutânea de substâncias. Sendo assim, foi analisado e comparado o efeito do óleo-resina de copaíba, in natura e de sua nanoemulsão em gel (nanogel) associado à fonoforese, na reparação muscular em ratos Wistar. Pelo método inversão de fases, formulou-se a nanoemulsão de copaíba. Esta foi incorporada ao hidrogel Carbopol® (20% nanoemulsão, 80% Carbopol®). Os animais (n = 24, machos) foram divididos em seis grupos e posteriormente foram submetidos à lesão traumática do músculo gastrocnêmio. A reparação muscular foi analisada por meio de dosagem plasmática de Aspartato Aminotransferase (AST) e Creatina Quinase (CK). Os resultados apontaram que os tratamentos de aplicação tópica do óleo-resina, de sua associação à fonoforese e desta ao nanogel foram eficazes no experimento quanto à reparação da musculatura esquelética.
Copaifera reticulata Ducke is a medicinal plants greatly employed in northern and northeastern Brazil. However, skin penetration is difficult when it is applied in natura. However, permeability increases through nanoformulations and phonophoresis and low frequency ultrasound that increases skin permeability of compounds. The effect of oil-resin of copaiba, in natura and in gel (nano-emulsion), associated to phonophoresis, was analyzed and compared for muscle repair in Wistar rats. Copaiba nano-emulsion was formulated by phase inversion. It was incorporated to hydrogel Carbopol® (20% nano-emulsion, 80% Carbopol®). Male animals (n=24) were divided into six groups and later underwent traumatic lesion of the gastrocnemius muscle. Muscle repair was analyzed by plasmatic dosage of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and kinase creatine (CK). Results show that topic treatments with oil-resin, associated with phonophoresis and nanogel were efficient in the assay for the repair of skeleton muscles.
RESUMEN
The mineral exploration in the Amazon, has determined impacts for the environment and for the populations exposed to different agents of the production process. The extraction and the beneficiation developed in the state of Amapa left environmental damages and issues that influence the population´s health, such as contamination by metals. Researches have shown that some forms of metals are toxic; causing neurological and genetic complications. The present work considers the toxicological evaluation a fundamental prerequisite in the identification of potential damages to the health. Accordingly, the study´s objective is the investigating of the toxic effects through laboratory analysis in a population group of the Elesbao district in Santana-AP municipality exposed to residues of minerals and metals. In this way, the amount of metals in Elesbao´s water region was evaluated by spectrophotometer, hematological and biochemical tests were accomplished for laboratory evaluation. The paired t-test was applied for statistical evaluation with a significance of 5% (p <0.05). It was concluded that iron and manganese are present in high concentrations in the region water. Hematological and biochemical exams presented statistically relevant alterations. Significant differences in the morphology of the cells were detected by microscopic analysis. This study demonstrates the importance of the investigation of sources of metal exposure and preventing the elimination and minimization of the risks of adverse effects to excessive exposure to multiple metals.(AU)