Effect of music at 432 Hz and 440 Hz on dental anxiety and salivary cortisol levels in patients undergoing tooth extraction: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to compare the effects of music at 432 Hz, 440 Hz, and no music on the clinical perception of anxiety and salivary cortisol levels in patients undergoing tooth extraction. Methodology A parallel-group randomized clinical trial was conducted. Forty-two patients (average age: 23.8±7.8 years, 27 women) with a moderate level of anxiety were distributed in three groups: use of music for 15 minutes at a frequency of 432 Hz (n=15), at 440 Hz (n=15) and a control group without music (n=12). The CORAH Dental Anxiety Scale and salivary cortisol levels, estimated by the solid phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), were measured and compared before and after the music intervention between groups (two-way ANOVA-Tukey p<0.05, RStudio). Results Significantly lower anxiety level values were observed at 432 Hz (8.7±2.67) and 440 Hz (8.4±2.84) compared to the control group (17.2±4.60; p<0.05). The salivary cortisol level at 432 Hz (0.49±0.37 μg/dL) was significantly lower than 440 Hz (1.35±0.69 μg/dL) and the control group (1.59±0.7 μg/dL; p<0.05). Conclusion The use of music significantly decreased clinical anxiety levels, and the frequency of 432 Hz was effective in decreasing salivary cortisol levels before tooth extraction.

Representaciones sociales hacia la cultura del metal de un grupo de "metaleros" de Bogotá / Social representations toward the culture of metal in a group of "metaleros" in Bogota

Esta es una investigación empírico-analítica de tipo descriptivo, con un diseño transversal, cuyo propósito es determinar las representaciones sociales hacia la cultura del metal de un grupo de metaleros de Bogotá. Para ello se trabajó con una muestra de 111 metaleros con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y los 30 años, de Bogotá, a los cuales se les aplicó una prueba de asociación libre de palabras. Los resultados obtenidos en la investigación mostraron que las representaciones sociales que tienen los metaleros con respecto a su propia cultura se relacionan con una posición de inconformidad ante las normas de la sociedad, así como con la energía y poder, generado por la música metal.

This is an empirical, descriptive, transversal study, whose purpose is to find the social representations held by a group of metal followers in Bogota with regards to the metal genre. Participants were 111 metal followers, aged 18 to 30 years, who completed a free word association test. Results suggested that the social representations studied relate to a disagreement position with the rules of society, as well as the energy and power generated by metal music.