RESUMEN
The burden of comorbidities is on the rise, and nursing has long been recognized as having a crucial role in assisting individuals to manage long-term conditions. Over the past ten years, a growing number of chronic disease delivery models have given nurses great opportunities to develop roles and abilities focused on effective chronic disease management. We have conducted both electronic and manual searches within the potential databases to find relevant studies. Studies from the years 2010-2023 were included. Case reports with limited sample sizes, no descriptive statistics, review papers, and meta-analyses were excluded from this review. A quality assessment for all included studies was performed. Final inclusion resulted in a total of eight studies. Cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and diabetes were the comorbidities reported by the majority of the studies, while chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, end-stage renal disease, and metastatic cancer were reported by each study. Overall, the findings suggest that nurses play a significant role in the management of comorbidities among patients, further improving patient outcomes, reducing readmissions and hospital costs, and preventing complications. The care of patients with complicated medical and social needs is coordinated through the employment of a wide range of interventions in an internal medicine setting. Nurse-led interventions /programs can play a vital part in reducing the burden of rising comorbidities among patients. However, the role of nurses in the internal medicine setting needs to be highlighted further by evidence-based research.
RESUMEN
Nutritional status has a significant role in oral health and disease. Protein deficiency is the key deficiency in intermediate malnutrition. Malnutrition can disrupt homeostasis, resulting in disease progression of the oral cavity, decreased resistance to microbial biofilm, and decreased tissue healing capacity. This paper examines the association between malnutrition, protein-energy malnutrition, and dental health. Malnutrition is a risk factor for several dental diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal diseases. Studies have suggested that enamel hypoplasia, salivary gland hypofunction, and compositional changes in the saliva may be the mechanisms through which malnutrition is associated with caries. The exfoliation and eruption of teeth are impacted by malnutrition, or protein energy malnutrition (PEM), starting in the early years and continuing throughout infancy. The risk of hypoplasia was higher in malnourished children. The development of hypocalcemia as a result of diarrhoea in chronic undernutrition may explain the link between PEM and poor enamel formation. Deficiencies of vitamins A, C, and D are found to be associated with hypoplasia. Protein-deficit malnutrition and low vitamin D levels, as well as obesity, are risk factors for dental caries in children. Early childhood malnutrition affects salivary gland hypofunction and compositional changes in the saliva, and these might be the mechanisms through which malnutrition is associated with caries. Early childhood protein-energy malnutrition (ECPEM) is associated with poor periodontal status and causes cancrum oris, necrotizing gingivitis, and other periodontal disease conditions, as well as symptoms that mimic periodontal conditions.