RESUMEN
Reproductive health is a global concern, characterized by high rates of maternal and infant mortality. Preconception counseling is a comprehensive approach aimed at improving pregnancy outcomes and maternal health. It involves addressing pre-existing medical conditions, promoting lifestyle modifications, and providing education and support to women before conception or during the interconception period. Tailoring counseling to individual needs and risk factors is crucial for optimal outcomes. Although further research is needed to assess the sustained effects of behavioral changes and overall impact, preconception counseling holds significant potential in promoting healthier pregnancies and improving the well-being of women, infants, and families. By prioritizing research in this field, we can better understand and utilize the benefits of preconception counseling, ultimately contributing to the global enhancement of reproductive health. While the impact of preconception counseling on long-term outcomes requires further research, its potential in promoting healthier pregnancies and improving the well-being of women, infants, and families is evident. It has the capacity to address not only the physical aspects of reproductive health but also the emotional, social, and environmental factors that contribute to overall well-being.
RESUMEN
Based on the patient's age, eosinophilic esophagitis (EE) has different clinical manifestations. Infants and young children frequently have vague manifestations such difficulty eating, nausea, and discomfort in the abdomen. Despite having symptoms that resemble gastroesophageal reflux, children with EE, do not respond to intensive ant reflux medication. Dysphagia and food impaction became the most common symptoms in adults and adolescents. EE should also be considered when treating adults and children who continue to have heartburn. Pediatric and adult patients frequently have concurrent allergy disorders such asthma, rhinitis, and eczema, in addition to peripheral eosinophilia and increased total blood IgE levels. Mucosal oedema, furrows, exudates, corrugated bands, strictures, and the alleged "crepe paper sign" are some of the endoscopic characteristics of EE. EE is widely seen as a distinct condition from reflux disorder. According to current understanding, the former could be a symptom of eosinophilic gastroenteritis or be induced by cell-mediated food hypersensitivity. Reports back up the effectiveness of steroid treatment or food restriction. To ascertain the cause, enable early clinical identification, and enhance treatment, more research is required.
RESUMEN
Hydrogen peroxide is the main ingredient in bleaching products (BP), and based on the settings of the reaction, can produce (per-)hydroxyl anions, superoxide anions, and other radicals. The radical-related oxidative mechanism can trigger the breakage of molecular bonds in enameller and dentinal stains, while the exact process is not entirely grasped. Products as a consequence look less colorful. The amount of the active bleaching component, the likelihood of BP interaction with discolorations, and the contact duration all affect the effectiveness of the bleaching treatment. Effectiveness also depends on a number of variables, including the individual's age, the type of staining, and the number of bleaching treatments. A significant number of local adverse effects have been recorded with over-the-counter items due to poorly fitted tray, adjuvants such as binders, preservatives, and flavors as well as a low pH, coexisting gingivitis, abrasion, and erosion. In cases of the coupled utilization of tobacco and excessive alcohol intake because tobacco users demonstrate lower levels of hypersensitivity to the BP and may be heavily influenced by the positive cosmetic effects, they must particularly be counseled against getting bleaching done as the combination has been found to pose elevated oral carcinoma risk. Overall, current literature has found a positive relation between procedure efficacy and patient satisfaction.