10 year analysis of adrenal tumours at sindh institute of urology and transplantation

From January 1986 to December 1995, 20 cases of adrenal tumours were seen at the Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation. They included cases of adrenal carcinoma [2], bilateral adenoma [4], unilateral adrenal adenoma [6], unilateral phaeochromocytoma [7] and bilateral phaeochromoctyoma [1]. Four cases presented with Cushing's syndrome, two with Conn's syndrome and one with adrenocortical syndrome. There were 11 female and 9 males in this series. Majority [16] of cases were seen between 11 to 30 years of age. Adrenal tumours are mostly symptomatic and functioning, incidental tumours are increasing due to widespread use of ultrasound and CT scan. Adrenalectomy provides a satis factory cure

Analysis of known risk factors for bladder cancer in pakistani population

The association of aetiological agents incriminated for bladder cancer are well recognized. They are divided into two groups, occupational and non-occupational. The commonest occupational agents are 2-naphlthylamine, benzidine, aminobiphenyl, dichlorobenzidine, orthodianisidine and orthotolidine. Recognized non-occupational agents include tobacco, recurrent chronic bladder infection/infestation, coffee and drugs. This study was conduced to evaluate these factors in patients with bladder cancer in our population. Of 250 cases studied, 203 were males and 47 females with a male to female ratio of 4.3:1. In 13.6% cases occupational factors were established with an average duration of exposure of 12 years. Majority [68%] of patients had smoking as the predominant non-occupational factor. In this group average cigarettes smoked per day was 23 with a range of 15 to 90. The duration of smoking ranged between 5 to 55 years with an average of 26 years. Sixty patients [24%] were neither smokers nor had any associated high risk occupation