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Abstract Untreated HIV infection leads to severe immunodeficiency and can be associated with an accelerated aging process and a higher prevalence of frailty. Systemic changes are known to cause greater oral manifestations and decreased orofacial function. However, there is no investigation on Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) in this population. This study aims to assess the prevalence of TMD in individuals living with HIV/AIDS. This cross-sectional study included HIV patients, with undetectable plasma viral load, under follow-up in the infectious disease's outpatient clinic at the Federal University of Bahia hospital. We recorded socio-demographic data, Fried's frailty criteria, Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorder, and Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) through the application of structured questionnaires and extra-oral examination findings. Data analysis was conducted on SPSS-v18. The sample consisted of 198 patients. The prevalence of TMD was (33.8 %), most affecting females (46.6 %). Difficulty in opening the mouth and parafunctional habits were the main symptoms of the disease, as well as functional limitations. The mean of the BDI score was higher in TMD group than in those without TMD (11.01 ± 8.61 vs. 7.60 ± 7.52 valor de p = 0.004). Logistic regression showed an association between sex (OR=2.305, 95 % CI 1.243‒4.275) and depression (OR = 1.045, 95 % CI 1.005‒1.087) and TMD in HIV patients. The present study observed the prevalence of symptoms associated with TMD as difficulty opening the mouth, muscle fatigue, and joint noises in patients with chronic HIV and associated with depression. Highlights the importance of a broader view of the health of individuals living with HIV.
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Abstract Background The heterogeneity in detection rates of Human immunodeficiency virus, (HIV), Human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV) and Hepatitis B and C infections among pregnant women and the continuous exposure to risk factors limits the adoption of preventive and control actions. Objective To evaluate the HIV, HTLV, Hepatitis B and C seroprevalence rates, and associated risk factors in parturient women in Salvador, Brazil. Methods This was a cross-sectional study in 2099 parturient women attended in two public maternity hospitals in Salvador, Brazil. One blood sample was drawn for serological screening and socio-demographic, obstetric and clinical data were collected. Results HIV seroprevalence rate was 1.5% (of which 0.6% were new cases); seroprevalence rates for HTLV, HBV, and HCV were 0.4%, 0.4%, and 0.1%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed a significant association between socio-demographic and behavioral factors with retroviral infections, while viral hepatitis was mainly associated with parenteral exposure. In a multivariate analysis, multiple sexual partners (OR 3.3; 95% CI: 1.1-9.2), history of sexual/domestic violence (OR 2.8; 95% CI: 1.1-6.9), syphilis co-infection (OR 2.6; 95% CI: 1.0-6.9), use of alcohol or drugs (OR 2.5; 95% CI: 1.2-5.5), and low schooling level (OR 2.3; 95% CI: 1.1-4.9) were independent risk factors for HIV infection. History of stillbirth and low birth weight infants was significantly associated with HTLV positive status, showing a negative impact on gestation. Conclusions The seroprevalence rates for HIV, HCV, HBV, and HTLV were similar to that found in previous studies in other Brazilian regions. The high individual, socioeconomic, and social vulnerability detected in seropositive parturient women indicates the need to improve coverage and effectiveveness of STDs control with prevention, detection and monitoring strategies, focusing in pregnant women exposed to high biopsychosocial risk.