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TP53 gene encoding polymorphisms is a risk allele in terms of carcinogenesis. Here, we studied the risk assessment and association of TP53 to understand the cancer biology and behaviour in cervical cancer patients and possible anticancer drug development interfering with p53 protein production. TP53 gene encodes a central protein of apoptosis pathway p53 and its allelic variant has been postulated to play a vital role in carcinogenesis in addition to a variety of neurodegenerative disorders. We undertook a case control study, to examine the possible association of TP53 gene codon 72 polymorphism in leukocyte DNA from a total of 200 subjects (100 controls and 100 cases). TP53 codon Arg72Pro (rs1042522) genotype was identified using allele specific PCR and RFLP with statistical analysis using Vassar Stats (online). In Chhattisgarh population, individuals with GC and GG genotypes of TP53 gene codon 72 polymorphism has a significantly higher risk of cervical cancer (OR=6.36, 95%CI=2.8-14.03 and OR=7.42, 95%CI=3.5-15.9) as compared to CC genotype (OR=1) which was taken as reference. The 'G' allele was found to confer a significant risk of cervical cancer (OR= 3.69, 95%CI= 2.40-5.5) compared to 'C' allele. The present case control study demonstrated the prevalence of the Arg/Arg (GG) genotype in women with cervical cancer among Chhattisgarh population.
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Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the diagnostic capabilities of physiological magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in differentiatingtype and grades of tumor and correlation with prospective histopathology results.Materials and Methods: We evaluated 70 patients in 3-tesla MRI preoperatively using conventional and physiological MRsequences (diffusion, perfusion, and spectroscopy) of common brain tumors who were prospectively confirmed by histopathology.Post-imaging analysis was done by available software and ratio was calculated. Data were expressed as mean ± standarddeviation and median (range) and Kolmogorov–Smirnov analysis was used to check distribution. Multiple statistical tests wereapplied and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted wherever feasible.Results: We obtained a significant difference in spectroscopic parameters, relative cerebral blood volume, and apparent diffusioncoefficient values between different tumor groups and also between different tumor grades. ROC curve plotted among groupsshowed sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic capability. Time-intensity curve showed a significant difference between differenttumor groups and correlation with grades of tumor.Conclusion: We propose an algorithm for differentiating different types and grades of common brain tumor using physiologicalMRI in addition to conventional MR sequences.
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Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health deteriorating factor worldwide as well as in India. It encompasses various pathophysiological processes involving abnormal kidney function and thereby declination in glomerular filtration rate (GFR). CKD is known risk factor for dyslipidemia. Due to lack of studies of association between different lipid parameters and its association with severity of CKD in non-diabetic patients in Indian population, we designed a study aimed to describe the serum lipid profile in non-diabetic CKD patients.Methods: This hospital based observational analytical was carried out in 60 subjects with CKD and non-diabetic. They were investigated for blood sugar parameters, lipid profile and renal function tests. Lipid profile was associated with different stages of CKD. Data was expressed as percentage and mean±SD.Results: Mean BMI was found to be 21.6±2.7kg/m2. Most common symptom encountered was H/o edema in 98% subjects. Out of total sixty subjects’ maximum subjects were found to be in stage 4 (22 subjects, 36.7%). Significantly higher levels of serum creatinine (p <0.0001), and serum urea (p <0.0001) was observed in higher grade CKD stages in study subjects.Conclusions: Total cholesterol (TC) and LDL were found to be significantly different amongst CKD stages having higher mean values in non-diabetic subjects. Serum TC, TG, LDL and VLDL were found to be significantly higher in subjects with advanced CKD (stage 3, stage 4). TC/HDL and LDL/HDL ratio were significantly higher in subjects with advanced CKD compared to initial stages of CKD in non-diabetic subjects.
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The National Kidney Foundation (NKF), through its Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (K/DOQI), and other National institutions proposed glomerular filtration rate (GFR) to describe, classify, screen and examine chronic kidney disease (CKD). GFR is the standard measure of renal function but cannot be practically measured for clinical and research purposes, so serum creatinine (Scr) is used to calculate estimated GFR (eGFR) which is affected by age, weight, muscle mass, race, various medications and extra-glomerular elimination. To overcome this Cystatin C (CysC) is new and reliable marker for renal function due to its low molecular weight it is freely filtered through glomerulus, completely reabsorbed and catabolized, but not secreted, by tubular cells. Various equations used for GFR estimation such as the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) Study equation, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) and Cockcroft–Gault (CG) equation based on Scr , Grubb and Hoek equation based on CysC and Stevens equation based on both SCr and CysC are used. CKD–EPI is preferred for identifying patients with CKD and for staging the disease. The risk of underestimation of kidney function with MDRD is highest when the GFR is 30 mL/minute/1.73 m2 so GFR is calculated by CKD–EPI equation for these persons. CKD–EPI is recommended for diagnosis and staging when the addition of appropriate prophylactic drugs or avoidance of certain nephrotoxic drugs should occur. The aim of this review is to evaluate from recent literature available different exogenous and endogenous markers used for the determination of GFR and which marker found suitable for the determination of GFR according to literature available on PubMed and determine their reliability in the detection and monitoring of CKD and its stages. Key words: Glomerular filtration rate, chronic kidney disease, Creatinine, Cystatin C, Measurement of GFR Abbreviations - Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), chronic kidney disease (CKD), Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI), Cockcroft–Gault (CG), Serum creatinine (Scr), serum cystatin C (CysC), National Kidney Foundation’s Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI), Cardiovascular disease (CVD), Food and drug administration (FDA), Diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA)