Calidad de la toma exo-endocervical en la prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino / Quality of the exo-endocervical sampling in the prevention of uterine cervix cancer

La citología cérvico-vaginal, test de Papanicolaou (PAP), es la técnica diagnóstica de cribado más efectiva para la detección de lesiones precancerosas y la prevención del cáncer de cuello uterino. La sensibilidad de la prueba varía en las diferentes estadísticas entre el 50% y el 98%; la causa de esta amplitud depende de la toma de muestra. Para que la toma se considere satisfactoria es necesario que se realice de la zona escamocolumnar, zona de transformación, y según el sistema Bethesda en el extendido se deben observar células metaplásicas y/o endocervicales. El PAP convencional incluye la toma exo-endocervical con espátula de Ayre; sin embargo, solo el 50% aproximadamente de las muestras son representativas de la zona de transformación. Para ejemplificar esta situación se presenta el caso de una mujer de 40 años que, a pesar de tener citologías negativas durante cinco años, ninguna con células endocervicales o metaplásicas, una toma adecuada mostró un carcinoma in situ (HSIL: lesión intraepitelial escamosa de alto grado). Recalcamos la importancia de la correcta toma exo-endocervical para poder detectar todas las lesiones premalignas y prevenir este tipo de cáncer que aún tiene alta tasa de mortalidad en todo el mundo.

Cervical and vaginal cytology, Papanicolaou test (PAP), is the most effective test for screening of preneoplastic lesions, and cervical cancer prevention. Its sensitivity goes from 50 to 98%, according to different statistics, and this variation is related to the sampling procedure. A satisfactory smear should be taken from the transformation zone, the junction between endocervix and exocervix. According to Bethesda, metaplastic and/or endocervical cells should be observed under the microscope. The traditional PAP smear includes an exo-endocervical sampling using the Ayre spatula; however, only near 50% of the smears are representative of the transformation zone. In this case report, we present the case of a 40-year-old woman who had negative cytology in five consecutive annual PAP smears, none of which showed metaplastic or endocervical cells. A new sample evidenced a carcinoma in situ (HSIL: high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion). We emphasize the importance of performing a correct exo-endocervical sampling to allow prompt detection of all premalignant lesions and to prevent cervical cancer, which still persists with high mortality worldwide.

Biochemical Parameters in Pleural Fluids: New Contributions in the Etiologic Diagnosis of Body Fluids.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of different cutoffs applied to the cellularity and various biochemical parameters (BP) (metabolic and enzymatic) to contribute to the etiologic diagnosis of pleural fluids (PF). Design and Methods: We studied 150 samples from patients with pleural effusion, admitted to the Clinical Hospital. The cell count was total/mm3 (TCC) and differential. The simultaneous determination in pleural fluid (PF) and serum (S) of BP were performed on Roche Hitachi 917 autoanalyzer: Glucose (GLU), protein (PT), albumin (ALB), cholesterol (COL), triglycerides (TG), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (FAL), amylase (AMI), total bilirubin (BT). Statistical methods were c² and Fisher. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: The most common cause of PF among transudates (T) was the heart failure (26%). In exudates (E), infections (43%) and cancer (25%) were the most frequent causes of PF. A TCC ≥ 500 cells/mm3 increased the detection of exudates without affecting the detection of transudate- type fluids. The PF / S ratio of LDH was the most useful among all BP in differentiating between T and E. PT, ALB, COL PF / S relations, and BT value > 0.5 mg / dl would be also suitable for differentiating T and E, and to a lesser extent PF / S for CK, AMI and SAAG. GLU value < 60 mg / dl showed no utility except in empyema. ALP, AST and ALT did not allow differentiating exudates from transudates. Conclusions: The use of a new cutoff for the TCC ≥ 500 cells / mm3 in the differential diagnosis of PF is suggested. Different BP contributed to the differentiation between E and T.