Genetic diversity of Macroptilium accessions considering the increase in air temperature

Climate changes can influence the genetic diversity of forage plants, which may contribute to the improvement and development of new species. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the influence of temperature increase on the genetic diversity of Macroptilium accessions based on morphoagronomic descriptors. The experiment was carried out in a growth chamber in a 2×16 factorial arrangement (temperature regimes x Macroptilium accessions), with the temperatures consisting of T1 (20­26­33 °C) and T2 (24.8­30.8­37.8 °C) and 16 accessions. Eleven morphoagronomic descriptors allowed estimating the diversity among accessions. The measurements of genetic dissimilarity enabled us to observe the genetic distance between the studied materials, standing out the accessions T1.M3 and T2.S4 as the most divergent (446.01). The morphoagronomic descriptors percentage of leaves and stem diameter were the most efficient for estimating the diversity between access. Genetic variability points to the adaptation of Macroptilium accessions in the climate change scenario. The accessions more divergent can be explored in genetic breeding programs for the species aiming at the expansion of genetic variability as an adaptation mechanism to heat stress.

Elaboration and validation of a diagrammatic scale to assess downy mildew severity in grapevine / Elaboração e validação de uma escala diagramática para quantificação da severidade do míldio da videira

The downy mildew, caused by Plasmopora viticola, is one of the most important grapevine (Vitis vinifera) diseases in Southern Brazil, causing defoliation and economic losses. The evaluation of disease severity is an important decision for adoption of strategies and tactics for disease control. Therefore, the objective of this work was to elaborate and to validate a diagrammatic scale to assess downy mildew severity in grapevine, respecting the limitations of visual acuity. The diagrammatic scale with seven levels of disease severity of 1, 3, 6, 12, 25, 50 and 75% was developed in two versions of black-and-white and color scale. The scales were tested and validated by eight raters with and without previous experience with grapevine downy mildew. The raters estimated the severity of 30 grapevine leaves with different downy mildew severity, with and without the use of the scales. Minimum, intermediate and maximum severity levels were collected according to Weber-Fechner's stimulus-response law. The accuracy and precision were analyzed by linear regression between the actual and the estimated severity. Actual severity was assessed with ASSESS(r) Program. The scales provided good levels of accuracy (means of 88%) and excellent levels of precision (means of 95%). The raters showed great precision and accuracy when used the diagrammatic scale. The color scale provided more precise and accurate estimates than the black-and-white scale. The scale proposed in this work presented appropriate applicability for downy mildew evaluation in grapevine.

O míldio da videira causado pelo fungo Plasmopora viticola é uma das doenças mais importantes da videira (Vitis vinifera) no sul do Brasil, causando desfolha e perdas econômicas. A avaliação da severidade de doenças é uma decisão importante na adoção de estratégias e táticas de controle. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar e validar uma escala diagramática para a avaliação da severidade do míldio da videira, respeitando as limitações da acuidade visual. A escala diagramática com sete níveis de severidade: 1, 3, 6, 12, 25, 50 e 75%, foi desenvolvida em duas versões preto-e-branco e em cores. As escalas foram avaliadas e validadas por oito avaliadores com e sem experiência prévia com o míldio da videira. Os avaliadores estimaram a severidade em 30 folhas de videira com diferentes níveis de severidade da doença, com e sem experiência no uso da escala diagramática. Severidades mínimas, médias e máximas foram obtidas pela Lei do estímulo visual de Weber-Fechner. A acurácia e a precisão foram analisadas por meio de regressão linear, confrontando os valores de severidade reais com os estimados. A severidade real foi estimada pelo programa ASSESS(r). As escalas proporcionaram bons níveis de acurácia (média 88%) e excelentes níveis de precisão (média de 95%). Os avaliadores apresentaram grande precisão e acurácia com o uso da escala diagramática. A escala colorida proporcionou estimativa melhor de precisão e acurácia do que a escala preto-e-branco. A escala diagramática proposta apresenta apropriada aplicabilidade para a avaliação do míldio da videira.