Toward a Functional Cure for Hepatitis B

Current treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, pegylated interferon-α (pegIFN-α) and nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA), can suppress HBV replication, reverse liver inflammation and fibrosis, and decrease risks of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, but hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss is rare. Functional HBV cure is defined as undetectable HBsAg and un-quantifiable serum HBV DNA for at least 24 weeks after a finite course of therapy. This requires suppression of HBV replication and viral protein production as well as restoration of immune response to HBV. Direct-acting antivirals targeting virus entry, capsid assembly, viral protein pro-duction and secretion are in clinical trials. In parallel, immune modulatory therapies to stimulate HBV-specific immune response and to remove immune blockade are being tested. Clinical trials of direct-acting antivirals alone or immune modulatory therapies alone have not been successful in achieving HBV cure. Recent combinations of direct-acting antivirals and immune modulatory therapies have shown promising results particularly with combinations that included pegIFN-α.These results need to be confirmed in larger studies with longer follow-up, and further work is needed to develop simpler regimens with fewer drugs that can be administered orally and safely. While there is a strong desire to develop finite therapies that can achieve HBV cure, safety is paramount and new therapies must provide incremental value compared to standard of care, which is predominantly long-term NA therapy.

Impact of COVID-19 on healthcare-associated infections: Antimicrobial consumption does not follow antimicrobial resistance

Abstract Background This study aimed to analyze the Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAI) rates and antimicrobial consumption in Intensive Care Units (ICU) in São Paulo city during the COVID-19 pandemic and compare them with the pre-pandemic period. Methods This cohort included all hospitals that reported HAI rates (Central-Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection ‒ CLABSI and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia ‒ VAP), the proportion of microorganisms that caused CLABSI, the proportion of resistant microorganisms, and antimicrobial consumption from January 2017 ‒ December 2020. Hospitals were stratified by the number of beds, Central Venous Catheter (CVC) utilization rate, Mechanical-Ventilation (MV) utilization rate, and type of funding. Statistical analyses were based on time-series plots and regression models. Results 220 ICUs were included. The authors observed an abrupt increase in CLABSI rates after the pandemic onset. High CLABSI rates during the pandemic were associated with hospital size, funding (public and non-profit private), and low CVC use (≤ 50%). An increase in VAP rates was associated with public hospitals, and high MV use (> 35%). The susceptibility profile of microorganisms did not differ from that of the pre-pandemic period. polymyxin, glycopeptides, and antifungal use increased, especially in COVID-19 ICUs. Conclusions HAI increased during COVID-19. The microorganisms' susceptibility profile did not change with the pandemic, but the authors observed a disproportionate increase in large-spectrum antimicrobial drug use.

Frequency and factors associated with hospital readmission after COVID-19 hospitalization: the importance of post-COVID diarrhea

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe the incidence and risk factors for hospital readmission and infection during the months after COVID-19 hospital admission. Methods: This prospective study included adult patients who were hospitalized due to COVID-19 and had been discharged from April 2020 to August 2020. All patients had a medical evaluation with a structured questionnaire 6 to 11 months after hospital admission. The authors included only patients with confirmed COVID-19 by RT-PCR. Patients with pregnant/postpartum women, with a proven COVID-19 reinfection or incapable of answering the questionnaire were excluded. Results: A total of 822 patients completed the follow-up assessment, and 68% reportedat least one recurrent symptom related to COVID-19. The most frequent symptom was myalgia (42%). Thirty-two percent of patients visited an emergency room after COVID-19 hospitalization, and 80 (10%) patients required re-hospitalization. Risk factors for hospital readmission were orotracheal intubation during COVID-19 hospitalization (p = 0.003, OR = 2.14), Charlson score (p = 0.002, OR = 1.21), congestive heart failure (p = 0.005, OR = 2.34), peripheral artery disease (p = 0.06, OR= 2.06) and persistent diarrhea after COVID-19 hospitalization discharge (p= 0.02, OR = 1.91). The main cause of hospital readmission was an infection, 43 (54%). Pneumonia was the most frequent infection (29%). Conclusions: The presence of symptoms after six months of COVID-19 diagnosis was frequent, and hospital readmission was relatively high. HIGHLIGHTS 32% of the patients visited an emergency room after COVID-19 hospitalization. The rate of hospital readmission after COVID-19 hospitalization is high, in the present sample 10% of patients needed a second hospitalization in 6-months Patients with persistent diarrhea after COVID-19 discharge had two times more chance to have another hospitalization in the next 6-months.

The health facility as a risk factor for multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria in critically ill patients with COVID-19

Abstract Background The relationship between Multidrug Resistant-Gram Negative Bacteria (MDR-GNB) infection and colonization in critically ill COVID-19 patients has been observed, however, it is still poorly understood. This study evaluated the risk factors for acquiring MDR-GNB in patients with severe COVID-19 in Intensive Care Units (ICU). Methods This is a nested case-control study in a cohort of 400 adult patients (≥ 18 years old) with COVID-19, hospitalized in the ICU of 4 hospitals in the city of Curitiba, Brazil. Cases were critical COVID-19 patients with one or more MDR GNB from any surveillance and/or clinical cultures were taken during their ICU stay. Controls were patients from the same units with negative cultures for MDR-GNB. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were done. Results Sixty-seven cases and 143 controls were included. Independent risk factors for MDR bacteria were: male gender (OR = 2.6; 95% CI 1.28‒5.33; p = 0.008); the hospital of admission (OR = 3.24; 95% CI 1.39‒7.57; p = 0.006); mechanical ventilation (OR = 25.7; 95% CI 7.26‒91; p < 0.0001); and desaturation on admission (OR = 2.6; 95% CI 1.27‒5.74; p = 0.009). Conclusions Male gender, desaturation, mechanical ventilation, and the hospital of admission were the independent factors associated with MDR-GNB in patients in the ICU with COVID-19. The only modifiable factor was the hospital of admission, where a newly opened hospital posed a higher risk. Therefore, coordinated actions toward a better quality of care for critically ill COVID-19 patients are essential.

Statewide evaluation of infection control measures for preventing coronavirus disease 2019 in hemodialysis facilities

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in hemodialysis facilities and the occurrence of and risk factors for clustering of COVID-19 cases. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional online survey between March and July 2020, in all dialysis facilities in São Paulo state, using Google Forms. The online questionnaire contained questions addressing specific components of infection prevention and control practices and the number of cases during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: A total of 1,093 (5%) COVID-19 cases were reported among 20,984 patients; approximately 56% of the facilities had ≥1 cluster. Most facilities implemented various measures (such as allocation of dedicated COVID-19 areas/shifts, symptom screening, environmental disinfection, and maintenance of adequate ventilation) to prevent the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Clustering of COVID-19 cases was suspected in only 7% of dialysis facilities. The only variable associated with this event was the performance of aerosol-generating procedures (odds ratio: 4.74; 95% confidence interval: 1.75-12.86). CONCLUSION: Attention should be paid to avoiding the performance of aerosol-generating procedures in dialysis facilities and monitoring the clustering of cases.

Current status of antimicrobial stewardship programs in São Paulo Hospitals

OBJECTIVES: Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) comprise coordinated interventions designed to improve antimicrobial use. Understanding the current structure of ASP hospitals will support interventions for the improvement of these programs. This study aimed to describe the status of ASPs in hospitals in São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted on the ASPs of hospitals in the state of São Paulo from March to July 2018. Through interviews by telephone or e-mail, we queried which components of the Infectious Diseases Society of America/Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines were implemented. RESULTS: The response rate was 30% (28/93 hospitals), and 26 hospitals (85%) reported having a formal ASP. The most frequently implemented strategies were antimicrobial surgical prophylaxis guidelines (100%), empiric sepsis guidelines (93%), and the presence of ASP team members during bedside rounds (96%). The least commonly implemented strategies included prior authorization for all antimicrobials (11%), pharmacokinetic monitoring, and an adjustment program for patients on IV aminoglycosides (3%). Regarding the metrics of the ASP, the most common indicator was the rate of antimicrobial resistance (77%). Eighteen hospitals evaluated antimicrobial consumption using defined daily dose, and only 29% evaluated the days of therapy; 61% of hospitals reported their results to the hospital administration and 39% to the prescribers. CONCLUSIONS: Most hospitals have a formal and active ASP, but with timely actions. We observed inconsistencies between what program leaders understand as the main objective of ASP and the metrics used to evaluate it. Part of the effort for the next few years should be to improve program evaluation metrics and to provide feedback to physicians and hospital leadership.

Polymerase chain reaction targeting 16S ribosomal RNA for the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis after neurosurgery

OBJECTIVES: Bacterial and aseptic meningitis after neurosurgery can present similar clinical signs and symptoms. The aims of this study were to develop and test a molecular method to diagnose bacterial meningitis (BM) after neurosurgery. METHODS: A 16S ribosomal RNA gene PCR-based strategy was developed using artificially inoculated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) followed by sequencing. The method was tested using CSF samples from 43 patients who had undergone neurosurgery and were suspected to suffer from meningitis, and from 8 patients without neurosurgery or meningitis. Patients were classified into five groups, confirmed BM, probable BM, possible BM, unlikely BM, and no meningitis. RESULTS: Among the samples from the 51 patients, 21 samples (41%) were culture-negative and PCR-positive. Of these, 3 (14%) were probable BM, 4 (19%) were possible BM, 13 (62%) were unlikely BM, and 1 (5%) was meningitis negative. Enterobacterales, non-fermenters (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii), Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Granulicatella, Variovorax, and Enterococcus cecorum could be identified. In the group of patients with meningitis, a good agreement (3 of 4) was observed with the results of cultures, including the identification of species. CONCLUSION: Molecular methods may complement the diagnosis, guide treatment, and identify non-cultivable microorganisms. We suggest the association of methods for suspected cases of BM after neurosurgery, especially for instances in which the culture is negative.

Total antibiotic use in a state-wide area and resistance patterns in Brazilian hospitals: an ecologic study

ABSTRACT Introduction: Use of antibiotic and bacterial resistance is the result of a complex interaction not completely understood. Objectives: To evaluate the impact of entire antimicrobial use (community plus hospitals) on the incidence of bloodstream infections in intensive care units adjusted by socioeconomic factors, quality of healthcare, and access to the healthcare system. Design: Ecologic study using a hierarchical spatial model. Setting: Data obtained from 309 hospitals located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil from 2008 to 2011. Participants: Intensive care units located at participant hospitals. Outcome: Hospital acquired bloodstream infection caused by MDRO in ICU patients was our primary outcome and data were retrieved from São Paulo Health State Department. Socioeconomic and healthcare indexes data were obtained from IBGE (Brazilian Foundation in charge of national decennial census) and SEADE (São Paulo Planning and Development Department). Information on antimicrobial sales were obtained from IMS Brazil. We divided antibiotics into four different groups (1-4). Results: We observed a direct association between the use of group 1 of antibiotics and the incidences of bloodstream infections caused by MRSA (1.12; 1.04-1.20), and CR-Acinetobacter sp. (1.19; 1.10-1.29). Groups 2 and 4 were directly associated to VRE (1.72; 1.13-2.39 and 2.22; 1.62-2.98, respectively). Group 2 was inversely associated to MRSA (0.87; 0.78-0.96) and CR-Acinetobacter sp. (0.79; 0.62-0.97). Group 3 was inversely associated to Pseudomonas aeruginosa (0.69; 0.45-0.98), MRSA (0.85; 0.72-0.97) and VRE (0.48; 0.21-0.84). No association was observed for third generation cephalosporin-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Conclusions: The association between entire antibiotic use and resistance in ICU was poor and not consistent for all combinations of antimicrobial groups and pathogens even after adjusted by socioeconomic indexes. Selective pressure exerted at the community level seemed not to affect the incidences of MDRO infection observed in intensive care setting.

Nutritional Status and Indicators of Oxidative Stress among End-Stage Renal Disease Patients Treated with Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis

Background: The objective of the study was to determine the oxidative stress (OS) intensity depending on the nutritional status (NS) among end-stage renal disease patients treated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and to investigate the effectiveness of medical strategies for the correction of nutritional disorders (ND). Methods: 69 end-stage renal disease patients treated with CAPD were examined who had varying degrees of ND. General clinical, biochemical parameters, OS markers were identified. Basing on the obtained data, the level of OS markers was determined in groups of patients with different NS. Subsequently, patients with moderate and severe ND were randomly assigned to two groups. The first group (n=20) included patients who received in complex treatment additionally to traditional treatment of CAPD Levocarnitine and one exchange per day of intraperitoneal fluid with amino acids. The second group consisted of patients (n=20) who received instead of one Dianeal fluid intraperitoneal fluid with amino acids. Results: OS indicators were increased in all four groups of patients with different NS, but they were the highest among patients with moderate and severe malnutrition. After the treatment the patients of the first study group had a statistically significant decrease in the MDA content, both in blood serum and erythrocytes (p<0.005). At the same time, the analysis of the informative markers dynamics for antioxidant oxidative stress (AOS) of blood serum allowed to register a statistically credible increase in their mean values among patients after treatment (p<0.05). It should be emphasized that no statistically significant effect of Levocarnitine on the anthropometric parameters of nutritional status and serum albumin level was obtained. However, after the therapy in the study group the values of SGA and protein consumption with food increased (p<0.05). At the same time, the patients from second study group had no positive effect on the reduction of oxidative stress, except for the level of transferrin (p<0.05) and contributes to the increase of serum albumin level (p<0.05).

Food handling conditions of university canteens / Condiciones de manipulación alimentaria de los comedores universitarios

The aim of this study was to evaluate the hygiene and sanitary conditions of canteens in a Brazilian public university. A checklist was applied and coliform analysis at 45 °C. Aerobic mesophilic bacteria on surface boards used in food handling were also counted. It was observed that most of the canteens were considered unsatisfactory in terms of compliance with good handling practices. Presence of coliforms at 45 °C was noted in 72% of the food handling surface boards. With respect to mesophilic bacteria, 81% of the boards presented values above the recommended. According to the results, it is possible to say that based on hygienic-sanitary guidelines, the canteens were not in accordance with Brazilian law that regulates good manufacture practices of the food service industry and recommends that facilities, equipment and utensils used in food handling are in proper hygienic-sanitary conditions. The food production process for the university population was not properly carried out due to non-compliance with good handling practices. Thus, the health of thousands of students and staff who have their meals daily at the university canteens may be at risk.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias de las cafeterías en una universidad pública brasileña. Se aplicó una lista de verificación y también se llevaron a cabo análisis de coliformes y recuentos de bacterias mesofílicas aeróbicas en tablas de cortar utilizadas en la manipulación de alimentos. Se observó que la mayoría de las cafeterías se consideraban inadecuadas en cuanto al cumplimiento de las buenas prácticas de manufactura. La presencia de coliformes se observó en el 72% de las tablas de manipulación de alimentos analizadas. Con respecto a las bacterias mesofílicas, 81% de las tablas presentaron valores superiores a los recomendados. De acuerdo con los resultados, es posible decir con base en la evaluación de las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias, que las cafeterías no estaban de acuerdo con la legislación brasileña que regula las buenas prácticas de manufactura en servicios de alimentos y recomienda que las instalaciones, equipos y utensilios utilizados en la manipulación estén en condiciones higiénico-sanitarias adecuadas. El proceso de producción de alimentos destinados a la población universitaria no se lleva a cabo adecuadamente debido al incumplimiento de las buenas prácticas, ya que pone en riesgo la salud de miles de estudiantes y personal que comen diariamente en los comedores universitarios.

Lipase and factor V (but not viral load) are prognostic factors for the evolution of severe yellow fever cases

BACKGROUND Despite a highly efficacious vaccine, yellow fever (YF) is still a major threat in developing countries and a cause of outbreaks. In 2018, the Brazilian state of São Paulo witnessed a new YF outbreak in areas where the virus has not been detected before. OBJECTIVE The aim is to describe the clinical and laboratorial characteristics of severe cases of YF, evaluate viral to determine markers associated with fatal outcome. METHODS Acute severe YF cases (n = 62) were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of a reference hospital and submitted to routine laboratorial evaluation on admission. YFV-RNA was detected in serum and urine by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and then sequenced. Patients were classified in two groups: survival or death. FINDINGS In the univariate analysis the following variables were associated with outcome: alanin aminotransferase (ALT), aspartat aminotransferase (AST), AST/ALT ratio, total bilirubin (TB), chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI), ammonia, lipase, factor V, international normalised ratio (INR), lactate and bicarbonate. Logistic regression model showed two independent variables associated with death: lipase [odds ratio (OR) 1.018, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.007 to 1.030, p = 0.002], and factor V (OR -0.955, 95% CI 0.929 to 0.982, p = 0.001). The estimated lipase and factor V cut-off values that maximised sensitivity and specificity for death prediction were 147.5 U/L [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.879], and 56.5% (AUC = 0.913). MAIN CONCLUSIONS YF acute severe cases show a generalised involvement of different organs (liver, spleen, heart, kidneys, intestines and pancreas), and different parameters were related to outcome. Factor V and lipase are independent variables associated with death, reinforcing the importance of hemorrhagic events due to fulminant liver failure and pointing to pancreatitis as a relevant event in the outcome of the disease.

Proper patient education improves hepatitis C patients’ disease-related knowledge and antiviral treatment acceptance in rural China / 中华肝脏病杂志

Objective@#To evaluate the affect of hepatitis C virus (HCV) education in chronic hepatitis C patients’ disease related knowledge and antiviral treatment acceptance in rural china.@*Methods@#Rural HCV patients of attended CHC project of HCV education. Doctor delivered subsequent interactive lecture, and patients completed pre- and post-education questionnaires before and after taking the lectures.@*Results@#151 CHC patients were included. Mean age was 57.3 years old, 50.3% were male, 51.0% of the students had primary school education or illiterate, and 76.2% had a monthly income below RMB 3,000. 98.0% of patients defined their baseline HCV knowledge as "nothing" or "a little bit". A multivariate analysis reveled baseline knowledge scores were associated with age and household income. After education, mean knowledge score (range: 0-28) increased from 13.1 to 23.0 (P < 0.001) and average percent of patients with correct answers from the topic rose from 46.8% to 82.1% (P < 0.001), and patients’ antiviral treatment acceptance increased from 33.9% to 65.6% (P < 0.001).@*Conclusion@#A rural Chinese patients had less education, HCV education delivered on the preferred format of patients substantially improved hepatitis C patients’ disease-related knowledge and antiviral treatment acceptance in rural china.

Analysis of Lethality in Echinococcal Disease

The information on mortality from echinococcosis is important not only for a better understanding of the severity of the disease, but also for evaluating the effectiveness of public health interventions. The aim of this research was to study the causes of mortality from echinococcosis. We have collected and analyzed the materials of 1,470 patients in 10 age - groups in the Republic of Armenia (from 2000 to 2016). To find out the causes of mortality from echinococcosis, we have analyzed the medical histories and protocols of postmortem examinations of 19 deaths from echinococcosis and 17 deaths due to other indirect causes not associated with the parasite. The average annual death rate from echinococcosis is 0.007 per 10,000 population, and the mortality is 1.29 (per 100 patients). The highest mortality occurs in people aged 70–79. Mortality from echinococcosis is also recorded among the unoperated children. The rupture of the parasitic cyst and hepatic insufficiency are major among the direct causes of mortality. Sometimes the hydatid cysts unrecognized during the life were first diagnosed at autopsy. Insufficient qualification of doctors in the field of helminthology, as well as the latent course of the disease or manifestation of minor symptoms in echinococcosis over a long period often led to medical errors. Further decline in mortality can be achieved by early diagnosis, timely hospitalization and treatment before the development of severe complications worsening the prognosis and outcomes of surgical intervention.

Personalized treatment of hepatitis B

There are seven approved drugs for treatment of hepatitis B. Professional guidelines provide a framework for managing patients but these guidelines should be interpreted in the context of the individual patient's clinical and social circumstances. Personalized management of hepatitis B can be applied based on prediction of the individual patient's risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma to guide the frequency and intensity of monitoring and urgency of treatment. It can also be applied to decisions regarding when to start treatment, which drug to use, and when to stop based on the individual patient's disease characteristics, preference, comorbidities and other mitigating circumstances.

Three New Monotypic Genera of the Caloplacoid Lichens (Teloschistaceae, Lichen-Forming Ascomycetes)

Three monophyletic branches are strongly supported in a phylogenetic analysis of the Teloschistaceae based on combined data sets of internal transcribed spacer and large subunit nrDNA and 12S small subunit mtDNA sequences. These are described as new monotypic genera: Jasonhuria S. Y. Kondr., L. Lokos et S. -O. Oh, Loekoesia S. Y. Kondr., S. -O. Oh et J. -S. Hur and Olegblumia S. Y. Kondr., L. Lokos et J. -S. Hur. Three new combinations for the type species of these genera are proposed.

Optimization of Protein Extraction for Lichen Thalli

Lichen-forming fungal proteins have been seldom searched due to many difficulties in their extraction. Phenols, quinones, proteases, and other components released during cell disruption have been known to be the greatest challenges related to protein extraction from lichens. To overcome these problems and maintain good electrophoretic resolution and high protein concentration, an extraction buffer containing polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, ascorbic acid, Triton X-100, polyethylene glycol, proteinase, and oxidase inhibitors in sodium phosphate buffer was developed. This extraction buffer showed high efficiency for all lichen species tested in the study.

POLYCLONAL OUTBREAK OF BLOODSTREAM INFECTIONS CAUSED BY Burkholderia cepacia COMPLEX IN HEMATOLOGY AND BONE MARROW TRANSPLANT OUTPATIENT UNITS / Surto policlonal de infecção de corrente sanguínea causada pelo complexo Burkholderia cepacia em unidades de hospital-dia de hematologia e transplante de medula óssea

Aim: The objective was to describe an outbreak of bloodstream infections by Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) in bone marrow transplant and hematology outpatients. Methods: On February 15, 2008 a Bcc outbreak was suspected. 24 cases were identified. Demographic and clinical data were evaluated. Environment and healthcare workers' (HCW) hands were cultured. Species were determined and typed. Reinforcement of hand hygiene, central venous catheter (CVC) care, infusion therapy, and maintenance of laminar flow cabinet were undertaken. 16 different HCWs had cared for the CVCs. Multi-dose heparin and saline were prepared on counter common to both units. Findings: 14 patients had B. multivorans (one patient had also B. cenopacia), six non-multivorans Bcc and one did not belong to Bcc. Clone A B. multivorans occurred in 12 patients (from Hematology); in 10 their CVC had been used on February 11/12. Environmental and HCW cultures were negative. All patients were treated with meropenem, and ceftazidime lock-therapy. Eight patients (30%) were hospitalized. No deaths occurred. After control measures (multidose vial for single patient; CVC lock with ceftazidime; cleaning of laminar flow cabinet; hand hygiene improvement; use of cabinet to store prepared medication), no new cases occurred. Conclusions: This polyclonal outbreak may be explained by a common source containing multiple species of Bcc, maybe the laminar flow cabinet common to both units. There may have been contamination by B. multivorans (clone A) of multi-dose vials.

O objetivo foi descrever um surto de infecções da corrente sanguínea por complexo B. cepacia (Bcc) nos ambulatórios de hematologia e transplante de medula óssea. Métodos: Em 15/02/2008, um surto de Bcc foi suspeitado. 24 casos foram identificados. Os dados demográficos e clínicos foram avaliados. Mãos de profissionais da saúde e ambiente foram cultivadas. Espécies foram determinadas e tipadas. Reforço da higiene das mãos, cuidados com cateteres, terapia de infusão e manutenção da câmara de fluxo laminar foram realizadas. 16 profissionais de saúde (PS) diferentes manipularam os cateteres. Heparina multidoses e soro eram preparadas em um balcão comum a ambas as unidades. Resultados: 14 pacientes tiveram B. multivorans (um paciente teve também B. cenopacia), 6 Bcc não-multivorans e um teve um agente não pertencente a Bcc. Clone A de B. multivorans ocorreu em 12 pacientes (da Hematologia), em 10 o cateter havia sido utilizado nos dias 11 ou 12 de fevereiro. Culturas ambientais e de PS foram negativos. Todos os pacientes foram tratados com meropenem e selo de ceftazidima. Oito pacientes (30%) foram hospitalizados. Não ocorreram mortes. Após as medidas de controle, nenhum novo caso ocorreu. Conclusões: Este surto policlonal pode ser explicado por uma fonte comum contendo várias espécies de Bcc, talvez a câmara de fluxo laminar comum a ambas as unidades. Pode ter havido contaminação por B. multivorans (clone A) de frascos multi-dose.

Lack of Association of Glycated Haemoglobin with Blood Pressure and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Black South Africans: a Five-Year Prospective Study

Objectives: Hypertension and diabetes are common in rapidly urbanising sub-Saharan African communities. However; lack of longitudinal data in these regions prevents adequate analysis of the link between measures of glycaemia and cardiovascular disease. Therefore; we examined the relationships of fasting glucose and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) with brachial and central blood pressure (BP); and measures of vascular structure and function after five years in black South Africans.Setting and subjects: Nine hundred and twenty-eight participants were included as part of the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study in the North West Province.Outcome measures: Fasting glucose; HbA1c and brachial BP at two time points were determined. Central BP; augmentation index (AI) and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) were taken at follow-up. Results: Fasting glucose [4.78 (3.50; 6.30) vs. 5 mmol/l (3.96; 6.42)]; HbA1c [5.6 (4.9; 6.3) vs. 5.9 (5.2; 6.9) and (37 vs. 41 mmol/mol)]; and BP (134/88.1 vs. 138/89.5 mmHg) increased significantly over five years (p-value 0.05). However; an association was absent between BP; AI or CIMT and either baseline or the five-year change in glucose or HbA1c. Multivariate analyses confirmed that neither glucose or HbA1c predicted changes in BP; CIMT or AI; but factors that did associate significantly were age; male gender; rural location; abdominal obesity; alcohol intake; total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein ratio; C-reactive protein and antihypertensive medication (R2; ranging from 0.24-0.36).Conclusion: Although both BP and measures of glycaemia increased significantly over five years in black South Africans; glucose was not independently associated with BP or measures of large artery structure or function. We suggest that fasting glucose and HbA1c below the threshold of diagnosing diabetes should not be used in isolation to predict cardiovascular risk in African individuals

Outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae: two-year epidemiologic follow-up in a tertiary hospital

This study describes a carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) outbreak that occurred from October 2008-December 2010. Polymerase chain reaction assays were performed to detect the blaKPC gene and molecular typing was performed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). There were 33 CRKP infections; PFGE revealed five genotypes: genotype A in five (15%), B in 18 (55%), C in eight (24%) and two unique profiles. Genotype B was disseminated in all hospital units and belonged to the same clone identified in 11 different hospitals in the state of São Paulo. Sixteen (48%) patients died. Seven isolates (21%) were resistant to polymyxin B and 45% were resistant to tigecycline and amikacin.