Antecedente de depresión, síntomas de estrés postraumático, apoyo social percibido: prediciendo la depresión posparto / History of depression, post-traumatic stress symptoms, perceived social support: predicting postpartum depression

Objetivo: Describir y analizar si el apoyo social percibido modera la relación entre antecedente de depresión (AD) o síntomas de trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) y desarrollo de síntomas de depresión posparto (SDPP), evaluado prospectivamente. Método: Diseño longitudinal de tres tiempos: antes del parto (n = 458), primer mes posparto (n = 406) y tercer mes posparto (n = 426). Se utilizaron la Escala de Depresión Posparto de Edimburgo (EPDS), la Escala de Síntomas de Estrés Postraumático (PCL-C) y la Escala de Apoyo Social Percibido (MOS). Se realizó un análisis de ocho modelos jerárquicos de regresión lineal múltiple, por cada tiempo de evaluación en el estudio. Resultados: Se encontró una asociación significativa entre síntomas de TEPT y puntaje de SDPP en los tres tiempos. El apoyo social percibido es un factor protector significativo para los SDPP en los tiempos 1 y 2, mientras que el AD es un factor de riesgo significativo en los tiempos 2 y 3. Los resultados no apoyan las hipótesis de interacción. Conclusiones: El apoyo social es un factor protector significativo, que puede disminuir los SDPP; sin embargo, disminuye con el tiempo. El apoyo social no logra revertir la asociación de los síntomas de TEPT con el puntaje en SDPP.

Objective: Describe and analyze if the perceived social support moderates the relationship between depression history or post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and the development of symptoms of postpartum depression, prospectively evaluated. Method: Longitudinal design of three times: before partum (n = 458), one month (n = 458) and 3 months postpartum (n = 458). The version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the version of the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C), and the version of the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey (MOS) were used. Analysis of eight hierarchical multiple linear regression models. Results: A significant association was found between symptoms of post-traumatic stress and postpartum depression, in the three times measured. The perceived social support variable was found to be a significant protective factor for perinatal depression in times 1 and 2, and history of depression was significant in times 2 and 3. The results do not support the interaction hypothesis. Conclusions: Social support is a significant protective factor, which can reduce the symptoms of postpartum depression, nevertheless the significance decreases over time. However, social support fails to reverse the association of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms with symptoms of postpartum depression score.

Pseudohipoparatiroidismo de presentación tardía: reporte de dos casos / Pseudohypoparathyroidism: report of two cases of late presentation

Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is a group of rare genetic disorders that share organ targeted resistance to the action of parathyroid hormone (PTH) as a common feature. Biochemically, they may present with hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia and elevated PTH. Some forms present with a specific phenotype: short stature, round facies, short neck, obesity, brachydactyly and subcutaneous calcifications, called Albrigth's Hereditary Osteodystrophy (AHO). This spectrum of disorders are caused by several alterations in the gene coding for the alpha subunit of the G protein (GNAS): an ubiquitous signaling protein that mediates the action of numerous hormones such as PTH, TSH, gonadotropins, and ACTH, among others. According to their inheritance with maternal or paternal imprinting, they may manifest in a diversity of clinical forms. Although most commonly diagnosed during childhood, PHP may manifest clinically during adolescence or early adulthood. We report two late presenting cases of pseudohypoparathyroidism. A 21-year-old female with biochemical abnormalities characteristic of pseudohypoparathyroidism who was misdiagnosed as epilepsy and a 13-year-old boy with the classic AHO phenotype but without alterations in phospho-calcium metabolism, compatible with pseudopseudohypoparathyrodism.

Evaluación de la efectividad de programas de visitas domiciliarias para madres adolescentes y sus hijos/as / Effectiveness of a home visit program for adolescent mothers and their children

Background: Home visiting is effective for the promotion and prevention of mother-child health in other countries, especially in vulnerable populations such as pregnant teenagers. Aim: To evalúate the association between receiving a home visiting program duringpregnancy and child development during thefirstyear oflife, maternal mental health, perception of social support and school attendance. Material and Methods: Cross sectional assessment of 132 teenage mother-sibling pairs. Ofthese, 87 received home visits and 45 were randomly assigned to a control group. The assessed variables were maternal mental health, perception of social support, Ufe satisfaction, incorporation of mothers to school after delivery, child development and frequency of child abuse and neglect. Results: Mothers that received home visits had a better mental health and went back to school in a higherproportion. No significant differences between groups were observed on perception of social support or child development. Conclusions: These results suggest the effectiveness of domiciliary visits performed by non-professionals, to improve mental health and social integration of teenage mothers.

Características, efectividad y desafíos de la visita domiciliaria en programas de intervención temprana / The characteristics, effectiveness and challenges of home visiting in early intervention programmes

Se revisaron artículos publicados entre 1999 y 2009, en revistas indexadas en PubMED, EBSCO y ProQuest, sobre las características, efectividad y desafíos de los programas de visita domiciliaria orientados a la intervención en infancia temprana, clarificando los alcances y limitaciones de la investigación y sus ámbitos de aplicación. La visita domiciliaria se ha mostrado efectiva para una variedad de áreas relevantes, especialmente sobre el desarrollo de competencias parentales y la relación cuidadorinfante. En términos generales, los programas más efectivos comenzaban en el embarazo, duraban más de un año, contaban con personal especialmente entrenado y se focalizaban en construir una relación de confianza y en modelar la interacción cuidador-infante. Se identificó la importancia de considerar en su diseño las características de la población objetivo, del modelo de visita usado y del agente visitador. A pesar de la evidencia acumulada en estudios anglosajones, los costos asociados a estos programas pueden ser muy altos, implicando barreras que pueden hacer dificultosa su diseminación en los países latinoamericanos. Los autores plantean la necesidad de desarrollar y evaluar otras variantes (por ejemplo, incorporando monitoras comunitarias), ponderando su relación costo/efectividad.

The authors reviewed papers published between 1999 and 2009 in journals indexed in PsycInfo, PubMED, EBSCO and ProQuest concerning the characteristics, effectiveness and challenges of home visit programmes orientated towards early childhood intervention, clarifying the research's scope and limitations and its applications. Home visiting has been shown to be effective for a variety of relevant areas, especially for developing parent skills and child-caregiver relationships. The most effective programmes have started at pregnancy, lasted more than a year, had specially trained staff and have focused on building a trustworthy relationship and on modelling the infant-caregiver interaction. The importance of considering target population characteristics, the visiting model used and the visitor agent was identified in designing these programmes. In spite of the evidence accumulated in Anglo-Saxon studies, the costs associated with these programmes can be very high, thereby implying barriers which can make their dissemination difficult in Latin-American countries. The authors discuss the need for developing and evaluating other variants (i.e. including community agents), considering their cost/effectiveness ratio for treating early childhood problems, needs and characteristics in Latin-America.