Inhibition of L-glutamate and GABA synaptosome uptake by crotoxin, the major neurotoxin from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom

This paper describes a brief study on the crotoxin mechanism of action, regarding the transport of GABA and L-glutamate in rats cortico-cerebral synaptosomes and in heterologous systems, such as COS-7 cells expressing gabaergic transporters, and C6 glioma cells and Xenopus oocytes expressing glutamatergic transporters. Crotoxin concentrations over 1 µM caused an inhibitory effect of ³H-L-glutamate and ³H-GABA, and reversibly inhibited L-glutamate uptake by C6 glioma cells. When COS-7 cells were assayed, no inhibition of the ³H-GABA transport could be evidenced. Crotoxin kept its inhibitory effect on neurotransmitters uptake even when Ca2+ ions were removed from the medium, therefore, independently of its PLA2 activity. In addition, high concentrations (2 mM) of BPB did not avoid the action of crotoxin on the neurotransmitters uptake. Crotoxin also inhibited ³H-L-glutamate, independently on Na+ channel blockade by TTX. In addition, an evaluation of the lactic dehydrogenase activity indicated that uptake inhibition does not involve a hydrolytic action of crotoxin upon the membrane. We may also suggest that crotoxin acts, at least partially, altering the electrogenic equilibrium, as evidenced by confocal microscopy, when a fluorescent probe was used to verify cell permeability on C6 glioma cells in presence of crotoxin.

Apoio como medida terapeutica no relacionamento enfermeira-paciente. / Support as a therapeutic measure in the nurse-patient relationship

As autoras apresentam algumas consideracoes teoricas sobre o apoio. Consideram-no uma das mais eficazes medidas terapeuticas que a enfermeira pode utilizar no seu relacionamento com o paciente. Relatam a aplicacao do apoio num processo de relacionamento terapeutico aluna-paciente

Assistencia de enfermagem a pacientes com comportamento caracterizado por manigestacoes de agitacao e agressividade. / Nursing care of patients with characterized behavior by manifestations of agitation and aggressiveness

As autoras apresentam aspectos gerais da assistencia de enfermagem para atender pacientes com manifestacoes de agitacao e agressividade, com o objetivo de preservar a integridade fisica e psiquica destes, das pessoas que o rodeiam e o desenvolvimento do controle sobre seu comportamento

Estabelecimento de limites como medida terapeutica de relacionamento enfermeira-paciente. / Limit establishment as a therapeutic measure in the nurse-patient relationship

As autoras abordam a importancia e a necessidade da colocacao de limites como medida terapeutica no relacionamento enfermeira-paciente. Apresentam uma revisao de literatura sobre o assunto, discorrendo a respeito dos passos e tecnicas na aplicacao desta medida terapeutica