Caries and obesity in 6 year-old schoolchildren from the Metropolitan region (MR) of Santiago, Chile / Cárie e obesidade em escolares com seis anos de idade da Região Metropolitana (RM) de Santiago do Chile

PURPOSE: Dental caries and obesity are multifactorial diseases of high prevalence in Chilean child population, and both are preventable from early age. They share association with diet habits and socio-cultural determinants. The objective of this study was to determine the coexistence between caries and obesity in 6 year-old schoolchildren from the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile. METHODS: A sample was composed by 571 6 year-old schoolchildren from the fluoridated communes of the Metropolitan Region of Santiago, Chile, in 2004-2005. Caries diagnosis was performed by using the WHO criteria for epidemiological studies. Nutritional diagnosis was carried out according to BMI/age and sex in relation to CDC-NCHS curves, considering obese children with a ≥95 percentile. Socioeconomic level (SEL) and sex were recorded. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was found between caries history and nutritional status (NS) (P=0.837), in both primary and permanent dentition (P=0.306).There was no risk association (OR 0.88; IC 0.60-1.28; 95%). Overweight children had less caries prevalence and history than normal weight and obese children. No relationship was found at the multivariate analysis between NS, SEL and caries occurrence. CONCLUSION: Obesity is not related to dental caries in this sample. Overweight children had less caries prevalence and severity.

INTRODUÇÃO: A cárie dentária e obesidade são doenças multifatoriais de alta prevalência na população infantil do Chile, e ambos são evitáveis desde a primeira infância. Estas doenças compartilham associações com hábitos alimentares e sócio-culturais determinantes. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a coexistência entre cárie e obesidade na população escolar de 6 anos na Região Metropolitana de Santiago, Chile. METODOLOGIA: A amostra foi constituída por 571 escolares de 6 anos residentes nas comunidades com água fluoretada da Região Metropolitana de Santiago, Chile, em 2004-2005. Para diagnóstico de cárie foi aplicado o critério da OMS para estudos epidemiológicos. O diagnóstico nutricional foi realizado segundo o IMC/idade e sexo em relação às curvas CDC-NCHS, considerando-se obesas as crianças com percentil ≥95. As variáveis de nível socioeconômico (SEL) e sexo foram registrados. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa entre história de cárie e estado nutricional (NS) (P = 0,837), tanto na dentição primária quanto na permanente (P = 0,306). Não houve associação de risco (OR 0,88; IC 0,60-1,28; 95%). As crianças com sobrepeso tiveram menor prevalência de cárie e da história do que as com peso normal ou obesas. Não houve relação significativa entre NS, SEL e ocorrência de cárie na análise multivariada. CONCLUSÃO: A obesidade não está relacionada com cárie dentária nesta amostra. As crianças com sobrepeso tiveram menor prevalência e severidade de cárie.

Evaluación bacteriológica de la leche y queso de cabra distribuidos en el Area Metropolitana de San José, Costa Rica

En los últimos años, se ha dado en Costa Rica y a nivel mundial, una creciente producción, industrialización y consumo de la leche de cabra y sus derivados. No obstante, a nivel nacional no se ha realizado una caracterización de estos, por lo que el objetivo de este estudio es determinar las características microbiológicas de la leche y el queso fresco de cabra que se distribuyen en el área metropolitana de San José, Costa Rica, y así evaluar su potencial impacto en el plano económico y a nivel de Salud Pública. Se analizó un total de 25 muestras de leche cruda de cabra obtenidas por ordeño manual y provenientes de cinco productores diferentes, analizados en cinco fechas diferentes y 15 muestras de queso de cabra elaborado con leche pasteurizada, provenientes de tres productores costarricenses que distribuyen el queso comercialmente y también analizados en cinco oportunidades distintas. El estudio abarcó el análisis de microorganismos de deterioro (bacterias aerobiasmesófilas y bacterias lácticas), indicadores de higiene (coliformes totales), de contaminación fecal (coliformes fecales), de manipulación (Staphylococcus aureus) y patógenos (Listeria monocytogenes y Salmonella spp.). Los resultados para el recuento total aerobio mesófilo y de bacterias lácticas de las muestras de leche y queso resultaron elevados, indicando una disminución en la vida útil del producto. En cuanto a coliformes totales, el 100% las muestras de leche presentaron recuentos que superan los límites establecidos por la legislación para leche cruda de consumo humano costarricense y el 76% presentó coliformes fecales. Contrario a lo anterior, todas las muestras de queso, excepto una, fueron negativas para coliformes totales y fecales, lo cual sugiere que el queso es elaborado bajo buenas prácticas higiénicas. Los recuentos obtenidos para S. aureus fueron relativamente bajos y no se logró aislar Salmonella spp. ni Listeria monocytogenes a partir de las muestras de leche y queso analizadas.

Bacteriological evaluation of goat milk and cheese distributed in the Metropolitan Area of San José, Costa Rica. In the last years, there has been an increase in the production, industrialization and consumption of goat’s milk and derivate products, including cheese, worldwide. Nevertheless, in Costa Rica there is no study of these products, reason why the objective of this work was to determine the microbiological characteristics of goat’s milk and fresh cheese distributed in the Metropolitan Area of San José, Costa Rica, in order to evaluate its impact in the economical field and as a potential risk for Public Health. A total of 25 raw goat’s milk samples, obtained by manual milking from 5 different producers tested in five different dates and 15 cheese samples, elaborated with pasteurized milk, commercially available and coming from three different producers were analyzed. The study included the analysis of spoilage bacteria (total aeobic count and lactic bacteria count), indicators of hygiene (total coliforms), fecal contamination (fecal coliforms), manipulation (Staphylococcus aureus) and pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp). High results were obtained for the total aerobic count and lactic bacteria count of the milk and cheese samples, showing a reduced shelf life. Total coliforms, in limits beyond the established ones by the Costa Rican legislation for human consumption raw milk, were found in 100% of milk samples, as well as for fecal coliforms in 76% of them. All cheese samples, except one, were negative for these indicators, suggesting good manufacturing practices. S. aureus counts were low and both Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes were not isolated from samples analyzed.