Next-generation sequencing virulome analysis of a Yersinia enterocolitica subsp. palearctica bioserotype 4/O: 3 ST18 isolated from human blood in Brazil

Abstract Yersinia enterocolitica is a widespread Gram-negative bacterium that causes gastrointestinal disease and other clinical manifestations in humans. Potentially pathogenic Y. enterocolitica has been isolated in Brazil, from human, environmental, food, and animal sources. Herein we report a genome sequence of Y. enterocolitica subsp. palearctica strain YE 19, serotype O:3, biotype 4, sequence type 18, with virulence determinants isolated from human blood in Rio de Janeiro in 2005. The results corroborate other findings that this strain harbors a set of virulence determinants that could play a role in host pathoadaptation and may also justify the successful dissemination of bioserotype 4/O:3 in Brazil. The presence of strains harboring all of these virulence genes in Brazil is a potential threat to young children and immunocompromised individuals, for whom yersiniosis are a significant source of morbidity and mortality. The results of a genomic data analysis will help understand the virulence of Brazilian strains and provide data for Y. enterocolitica studies worldwide.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) applications in bacteriology: brazilian contributions / Aplicações da técnica de espectrometria de massa por ionização e dessorção de matriz com laser em tempo de voo (MALDI-TOF MS) em bacteriologia: contribuições brasileiras

Among its innumerous applications in Bacteriology, the Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) technique is evolving as a powerful tool for bacterial identification and antimicrobial resistance investigation. Publications have evaluated the MALDI-TOF MS performance in the identification of a series of bacterial pathogens, including the most common severe infectious agents, emergent pathogens involved with outbreaks of healthcare-associated infections, rare pathogens, and those whose isolation in culture media is difficult. As compared to conventional methods of bacterial identification, MALDI-TOF MS has proven to be a fast, accurate and cost-effective technique. Currently, MALDI-TOF MS has been used in antimicrobial resistance studies, since it has shown to be an efficient tool in detecting specific resistance mechanisms in bacteria, such as beta-lactamases production, for example. Here, we describe the advances in this growing field of mass spectrometry applied to Bacteriology, including Brazilian contributions.

Dentre as suas inúmeras aplicações em Bacteriologia, a técnica de "Espectrometria de Massa por Ionização e Dessorção de Matriz com Laser em Tempo de Voo [Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS)]" tem evoluído como uma poderosa ferramenta para a identificação bacteriana e a investigação da resistência bacteriana aos antimicrobianos. Publicações tem avaliado o desempenho de MALDI-TOF na identificação de uma série de patógenos bacterianos, incluindo os agentes mais comuns de infecções graves, patógenos emergentes envolvidos com surtos de infecções associadas à saúde, patógenos raros, e aqueles de difícil isolamento em meios de cultura. Em comparação aos métodos convencionais de identificação bacteriana, MALDI-TOF MS provou ser uma técnica rápida, precisa e rentável. Atualmente, MALDI-TOF MS tem sido utilizado em estudos de resistência antimicrobiana, uma vez que tem mostrado ser uma ferramenta eficiente na detecção de mecanismos especificos de resistência em bactérias, como a produção beta-lactamases, por exemplo. Aqui, nós descrevemos os avanços neste crescente campo da espectrometria de massa aplicada à Bacteriologia, incluindo as contribuições brasileiras.

Spread of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa clones in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia in an adult intensive care unit at a university hospital

Background:In Brazil, ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by carbapenem resis- tant Acinetobacter baumanniiand Pseudomonas aeruginosaisolates are associated with significant mortality, morbidity and costs. Studies on the clonal relatedness of these isolates could lay the foundation for effective infection prevention and control programs.Objectives: We sought to study the epidemiological and molecular characteristics of A. baumannii vs. P. aeruginosaVAP in an adult intensive care unit (ICU).Methods: It was conducted a cohort study of patients with VAP caused by carbapenem resistant A. baumanniiand P'. aeruginosaduring 14 months in an adult ICU. Genomic studies were used to investigate the clonal relatedness of carbapenem resistant OXA-23-producing A. baumanniiand P. aeruginosaclinical isolates. The risk factors for acquisition of VAP were also evaluated. Clinical isolates were collected for analysis as were samples from the environment and were typed using pulsed field gel electrophoresis.Results: Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified trauma diagnosed at admission and inappropriate antimicrobial therapy as independent variables associated with the development of A. baumanniiVAP and hemodialysis as independent variable associated with P. aeruginosaVAP. All carbapenem resistant clinical and environmental isolates of A. baumanniiwere OXA-23 producers. No MBL-producer P. aeruginosawas detected. Molecular typing revealed a polyclonal pattern; however, clone A (clinical) and H (surface) were the most frequent among isolates of A. baumanniitested, with a greater pattern of resistance than other isolates. In P. aeruginosathe most frequent clone I was multi-sensitive.Conclusion: These findings suggest the requirement of constant monitoring of these microor- ganisms in order to control the spread of these clones in the hospital environment.

Draft genome sequence of a multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ST15 (CC15) isolated from Brazil

Acinetobacter baumannii is an important pathogen frequently associated with nosocomial outbreaks around the world. In Brazil, A. baumannii has become particularly problematic because of its prevalence and the carbapenems resistance. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of a multidrug-resistant A. baumannii(ST15/CC15) isolated in 2009 from the state of Espírito Santo (Southeast Brazil). We observed important resistance determinant genes in an estimated genome size of 4,102,788 bp with 3,862 predicted coding regions. A detailed report of the genomic data analysis might help to understand the specific features of highly successful strains belonged to a relevant complex clonal in different Brazilian geographical regions.

Molecular epidemiology of CTX-M producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from bloodstream infections in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: emergence of CTX-M-15

OBJECTIVE: The present studywas designed to evaluate the molecular epidemiology of CTX-M producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae and Escherichia coli isolated from bloodstream infections at tertiary care hospitals in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 231 nonduplicate Enterobacteriaceae were isolated from five Brazilian hospitals between September 2007 and September 2008. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disk diffusion method according to the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute. Isolates showing resistance to third-generation cephalosporins were screened for ESBL activity by the double-disk synergy test. The presence of blaCTX-M , blaCTX-M-15 and blaKPC genes was determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification andDNA sequencing. The molecular typing of CTX-M producing isolateswas performed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Ninety-three isolates were screened as ESBL positive and 85 (91%) were found to carry CTX-M-type, as follows: K. pneumoniae 59 (49%), E. cloacae 15 (42%), and E. coli 11 (15%). Ten isolates resistant for carbapenems in K. pneumoniae were blaKPC-2 gene positive. Among CTX-M type isolates, CTX-M-15 was predominant in more than 50% of isolates for K. pneumoniae, E. coli, and E. cloacae. PFGE analysis of CTX-M producing isolates showed the predominance of CTX-M-15 in 10 of 24 pulsotypes in K. pneumoniae, 6 of 13 in E. cloacae and 3 of 6 in E. coli. CTX-M-15 was also predominant among KPC producing isolates. In conclusion, this study showed that CTX-M-15 was circulating in Rio de Janeiro state in 2007-2008. This data reinforce the need for continuing surveillance because this scenario may have changed over the years.

Hospital-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the PVL gene outbreak in a Public Hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Hospital associated methicillin-resist Staphylococcus aureus has long been associated to outbreaks in the hospital environment. In this work, we investigated an outbreak of Hospital associated methicillin-resist Staphylococcus aureus carrying the Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene, which occurred in a large community hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Factors associated with epidemic multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in a hospital with AIDS-predominant admissions

INTRODUCTION: Infections caused by multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MR-PA) have been associated with persistent infections and high mortality in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. Therefore, understanding the predisposing factors for infection/colonization by this agent is critical for controlling outbreaks caused by MR-PA in settings with AIDS patients. OBJECTIVEAND METHODS: To analyze the presence of factors associated with the acquisition of an epidemic MR-PA strain in a hospital with AIDS-predominant admission. A case-control study was carried out in which cases and controls were gathered from a prospective cohort of all hospitalized patients in an infectious disease hospital during a five-year study period. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that enteral nutrition OR = 14.9), parenteral nutrition (OR = 10.7), and use of ciprofloxacin (OR = 8.9) were associated with a significant and independent risk for MR-PA acquisition. CONCLUSIONS: Although cross-colonization was likely responsible for the outbreaks, the use of ciprofloxacin was also an important factor associated with the acquisition of an epidemic MR-PA strain. More studies are necessary to determine whether different types of nutrition could lead to modification of gastrointestinal flora, thereby increasing the risk for infection/colonization by MR-PA in this population.

Diversity of genotypes in CTX-M-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated in different hospitals in Brazil

OBJECTIVE: The present study was undertaken to characterize CTX-M ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae collected from hospitals in different cities of Brazil. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighty-five K. pneumoniae strains isolated from hospitalized patients in six different hospitals of three cities of Brazil were analyzed. ESBL production was confirmed by the standard double-disk synergy test and the Etest®. The MIC50 and MIC90 for ESBL-producing isolates were determined by the Etest® method. The antimicrobial susceptibilities of bacterial isolates were determined using the agar diffusion method according to the CLSI. Screening for blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M genes and class 1 integron was performed by PCR amplification. To determine the genomic diversity of CTX-M-producers, isolates were analyzed by macrorestriction profile analysis following PFGE. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Seventy-one K. pneumoniae isolates were ESBL-producing. PCR and sequencing experiments detected 38 CTX-M-producing K. pneumoniae belonged to groups CTX-M 1, CTX-M 2, CTX-M 8 and CTX-M 9. The association of different types ESBL (CTX-M, SHV and TEM) was frequent. All K. pneumoniae isolates carried class 1 integron. PFGE analysis revealed thirty-one clonal types among CTX-M-producing isolates. The data presented herein illustrate the diversity of genotypes of CTX-M producing K. pneumoniae among Brazilians hospitals.

Outbreaks, persistence, and high mortality rates of multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in a hospital with AIDS-predominant admissions

INTRODUCTION: Authors have reported increased incidence of multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MR-PA) infections worldwide over the last decade. Researchers have proposed multifaceted approaches to control MR-PA infections, but none have been reported in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) setting. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: Herein we report the impact of a multifaceted intervention for controlling MR-PA over five years in a hospital with AIDS-predominant admissions and describe the clinical characteristics of MR-PA infection in our patient population. The clinical outcomes of infected patients and molecular characteristics of the isolated strains were used as tools for controlling MR-PA infection rates. RESULTS: Significant temporary decrease of new infections was achieved after intervention, although a high level of diagnostic suspicion of nosocomial infection was maintained. We obtained 35 P. aeruginosa isolates with multiresistant profiles from 13 infected and 3 colonized patients and 2 environmental samples. Most of the patients (94 percent) were immunocompromised with AIDS (n = 10) or HTLV-1 infections (n = 5). Of the followed patients, 67 percent had persistent and/or recurrent infections, and 92 percent died. We observed differences in the antibiotic-resistance pattern of MR-PA infection/colonization during two outbreaks, although the genetic profiles of the tested strains were identical. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, we concluded that early multidisciplinary interventions are essential for reducing the burden caused by this microorganism in patients with AIDS. Prolonged or suppressive antibiotic-based therapy should be considered for MR-PA infections in patients with AIDS because of the persistence characteristic of MR-PA in these patients.

Metallo-β-lactamase and genetic diversity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in intensive care units in Campo Grande, MS, Brazil

Infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa has spread worldwide, with limited options for treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate metallo-β-lactamase-producing P. aeruginosa strains and compare their genetic profile using samples collected from patients in intensive care units. Forty P. aeruginosa strains were isolated from two public hospitals in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul State, from January 1st, 2007 to June 31st, 2008. Profiles of antimicrobial susceptibility were determined using the agar diffusion method. Metallo-β-lactamase was investigated using the double-disk diffusion test and PCR. Molecular typing was performed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Respiratory and urinary tracts were the most common isolation sites. Of the 40 samples tested, 72.5 percent (29/40) were resistant to ceftazidime and 92.5 percent (37/40) to imipenem, whereas 65 percent (26/40) were resistant to both antimicrobials. Fifteen pan-resistant samples were found. Five percent (2/40) of samples were positive for metallo-β-lactamase on the phenotype test. No metallo-β-lactamase subtype was detected by PCR. Macrorestriction analysis revealed 14 distinct genetic patterns. Based on the superior accuracy of PCR, it can be inferred that P. aeruginosa isolates from the investigated hospitals have alternative mechanisms of carbapenem resistance. The results also suggest clonal spread of P. aeruginosa between the studied hospitals.

Occurrence of blaOXA-23 gene in imipenem-susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii

The aim of the current study was to describe the occurrence of the blaOXA-23 gene and the ISAba1 element in imipenem-susceptible Acinetobacter baumannii strains. By performing the polymerase chain reaction mapping using combinations of ISAba1 forward primers and the blaOXA-23-like gene reverse primers, we demonstrated that the ISAba1 element did not occur upstream of the blaOXA-23 gene in five of 31 isolates, which explained the lack of resistance to imipenem despite the presence of the blaOXA-23 gene. All of the blaOXA-23-positive isolates were susceptible to imipenem and meropenem with minimal inhibitory concentration < 4 µg/mL. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis revealed four genotypes among the five blaOXA-23-positive isolates. The current report of the blaOXA-23 gene in imipenem-susceptible isolates provided evidence that this gene may be silently spread in a hospital environment and highlighted the threat of undetected reservoirs of carbapenemase genes.

A syphilis co-infection study in human papilloma virus patients attended in the sexually transmitted infection ambulatory clinic, Santa Casa de Misericórdia Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Despite the prevalence of syphilis worldwide, little is known about its manifestations when associated with other Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI), specifically the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV). Current epidemiological studies show that there is a high incidence of both diseases in ambulatory clinics all over Brazil. This study aims to estimate the incidence of syphilis - HPV co-infections, among patients from the STI ambulatory clinic at the Santa Casa da Misericórdia Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Two-hundred and seven patients were seen in the clinic between March and December 2005, of which 113 (54.6 percent) sought care for an HPV infection. Blood samples were taken from all patients to check syphilis serology using the flocculation and the non-treponemic test or VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) and the TPHA (Treponema Pallidum Hemagglutination Assay) treponemic and confirmatory method. Of the 207 patients, 113 (54.6 percent) consulted referring to HPV as their primary complaint, and of these, 18 (15.9 percent) also presented with positive syphilis serology, demonstrating a high incidence of coinfection. The average age of the patients varied between 20 and 25 years, 203 (98.1 percent) were male and 4 (1.9 percent) were female. The predominance of the male sex in this sample confirms the profile usually treated in STI clinics across the country, and the age range is that of typically high sexually activity. Conclusion: The results demonstrated the need for a differentiated examination of all STD patients.

Susceptibility of clinical isolates of multiresistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa to a hospital disinfectant and molecular typing

The aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibility of 35 resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates to a quaternary ammonium hospital disinfectant. The methodology was the AOAC Use-Dilution Test, with disinfectant at its use-concentration. In addition, the chromosomal DNA profile of the isolates were determined by macro-restriction pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) method aiming to verify the relatedness among them and the behavior of isolates from the same group regarding the susceptibility to the disinfectant. Seventy one percent of the isolates were multiresistant to antibiotics and 43 percent showed a reduced susceptibility to the disinfectant. The PFGE methodology detected 18 major clonal groups. We found isolates with reduced susceptibility to the disinfectant and we think that these are worrying data that should be further investigated including different organisms and chemical agents in order to demonstrate that microorganisms can be destroyed by biocide as necessary. We also found strains of the same clonal groups showing different susceptibility to the disinfectant. This is an interesting observation considering that only few works are available about this subject. PFGE profile seems not to be a reliable marker for resistance to disinfectants.

Salmonella enterica subsp houtenae serogroup O:16 in a HIV positive patient: case report

Descreve-se um caso clínico de salmonelose ocorrido em paciente HIV positivo de 33 anos, portador de candidíase oral e esofágica, com intensa dor abdominal superior e dor retro-esternal. Ao exame clínico apresentou-se hipocorado, acianótico, hipohidratado, anictérico e afebril. A investigação laboratorial na admissão apresentou: hemácias, 3,6 milhões/mm3; hemoglobina, 10,1 g/dL; contagem de leucócitos, 3.000/mm3, com 1 de eosinófilos, 14 de bastões; 53 de neutrófilos segmentados e 31 de linfócitos. A hemocultura foi positiva para Salmonella enterica subsp houtenae sorogrupo O:16. Provavelmente, este é o primeiro relato de caso clínico humano com bacteremia causado por Salmonella enterica subsp houtenae no Brasil associado a paciente HIV-infectado.

Resistência antimicrobiana de coliformes isolados de leite humano ordenhado / Antimicrobial resistance of coliform isolates from expressed human milk

A veiculaçäo de microrganismos potencialmente patogênicos, resistentes aos antibióticos, por meio de leite humano ordenhado, pode ser um fator de risco potencial. Teve como objetivo contribuir para um melhor conhecimento dos coliformes isolados de leite humano ordenhado (LHO) e de seu perfil de resistência a antimicrobianos. Seguiu-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, utilizando 837 amostras de LHO, nas quais 71 (8,48 por cento) estavam contaminadas com coliformes totais, cuja contagem em nenhuma das amostras ultrapassava 1,0x1000NMP/ml. A maioria dos microrganismos isolados (91,6 por cento) pertencia a apenas duas espécies, Enterobacter cloacae e Klebsiella pneumoniae. As 71 cepas de coliformes apresentavam resistência a pelo menos um dos antimicrobianos testados. Conclui-se que o LHO coletado e armazenado sob condiçöes higiênico-sanitárias insatisfatórias, pode apresentar coliformes, que desgastam os fatores de proteçäo, reduzem o valor nutricional e a qualidade do produto.

Microbiota do trato digestivo de fêmeas de Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera: Psychodidae) provenientes de colônia alimentadas com sangue e com sangue e sacarose / Digestive tract microbiota in female Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera: Psychodidade) feeding on blood meal and sacarose plus blood meal

Há poucos estudos sobre a microbiota do trato digestivo de flebotomíneos, considerando-se que o sangue näo é o único alimento ingerido. Os flebotomíneos, tanto os machos como as fêmeas, alimentam-se de açúcares, provenientes de várias fontes, possibilitando a ingestäo de microrganismos. As chances de contaminaçäo aumentam nos insetos criados em laboratório e pode interferir no desenvolvimento da Leishmania spp. Foi separado um total de 300 fêmeas, divididas em dois lotes, das quais extraímos o trato digestivo. No lote 1 (fêmeas alimentadas com sangue e sacarose) das 10 espécies bacterianas isoladas, a família Enterobacteriaceae esteve representada pelos gêneros Serratia, Enterobacter e Yokenella, e o grupo dos näo fermentadores pelos gêneros Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter e Stenotrophomonas. No lote 2 (fêmeas alimentadas apenas com sanue) das 8 espécies isoladas o grupo dos näo fermentadores esteve representado pelos gêneros Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Burkolderia e Pseudomonas, e a família Enterobacteriaceae, pelos gêneros Enterobacter e Serratia.

Epidemiological analysis of bacterial strains involved in hospital infection in a University Hospital from Brazil

Hospital infections cause an increase in morbidity and mortality of hospitalized patients with significant rise in hospital costs. The aim of this work was an epidemiological analysis of hospital infection cases occurred in a public University Hospital in Rio de Janeiro. Hence, 238 strains were isolated from 14 different clinical materials of 166 patients hospitalized in the period between August 1995 and July 1997. The average age of the patients was 33.4 years, 72.9 per cent used antimicrobials before having a positive culture. The most common risk conditions were surgery (19.3 per cent), positive HIV or AIDS (18.1 per cent) and lung disease (16.9 per cent). 24 different bacterial species were identified, S. aureus (21 per cent) and P. aeruginosa (18.5 per cent) were predominant. Among 50 S. aureus isolated strains 36 per cent were classified as MRSA (Methicillin Resistant S. aureus). The Gram negative bacteria presented high resistance to aminoglycosides and cephalosporins. A diarrhea outbreak, detected in high-risk neonatology ward, was caused by Salmonella serovar Infantis strain, with high antimicrobial resistance and a plasmid of high molecular weight (98Mda) containing virulence genes and positive for R factor.

Prevalência da microbiota no trato digestivo de fêmeas de Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva, 1912) (Diptera, Psychodidae) provenientes do campo / Prevalence of the microbiota in the digestive tract of wild-caught females of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Lutz & Neiva) (Diptera, Psychodidae)

No presente trabalho foram dissecados o trato digestivo de 245 fêmeas de Lutzomyia longipalpis originários da Gruta da Lapinha, Município de Lagoa Santa, MG, formando 7 grupos de 35 flebotomíneos. Das 8 espécies de bactérias isoladas houve uma predominância de bactérias Gram negativas (BGN) pertencentes ao grupo de näo fermentadoras de açúcar das seguintes espécies: Acinetobacter lowffii, Stenotrophomonas maltophhilia, Pseudomonas putida e Flavimonas orizihabitans. No grupo das fermentadoras tivemos: Enterobacter cloacae e Klebsiella ozaenae. No grupo dos Gram positivos foram identificados Bacillus thuringiensis e Staphylococcus spp

Desinfecçäo em ortodontia: estudo de um método alternativo utilizando o lenço Bacti Buster StePac L. A. em alicates ortodônticos e em superfície do mobiliário contra o vírus da Hepatite B e a bactéria Staphylococcus aureus meticilino-resistente / Desinfection of disponsable chlorhexidin wipes: evaluation of antiseptic protection against HBV and Staphylococcus aureus on orthodontic pliers and bench surfaces

Este trabalho avaliou as condiçöes de biossegurança e de facilidade de manuseio oferecidas pelo desinfectante de superfície e de instrumentos Bacti Buster, StePac L. A. Ltd., de acordo com a preconizaçäo do fabricante. O lenço descartável, contendo fórmula composta de álcool etílico, digluconato de clorexidina, propileno glicol, mentol e álcool benzílico, foi testado em amostras de alicates ortodônticos e em superfícies d mobiliário previamente contaminadas com sangue de paciente com Hepatite B aguda (HBSAg+), ao qual foi adicionado Staphylococcus aureus meticilino-resistente 105 bact/ml. Após a contaminaçäo, os alicates sofreram processo de repouso, lavagem, secagem e a açäo do lenço por 10s ou 30s. Seguidamente foram eluídos para a observaçäo dos resultados. Os testes foram realizados também em superfícies do mobiliário onde foi utilizado o lenço Bacti Buster e o álcool etílico 98º GL. Os resultados experimentais indicaram que o lenço Bacti Buster apresentou ótimas facilidades de manuseio sendo mais ativo para a bactéria Staphylococcus aureus MRSA do que para o vírus da Hepatite B

Lysotypes and plasmidial profile of Salmonella serovar Typhimurium isolated from children with enteric processes in the cities of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, and Salvador, BA - Brazil

Os lisotipos e os perfis de resistencia a antimicrobianos e plasmidial foram caracterizados em 111 amostras de Salmonella Typhimurium isoladas de fezes e sangue de criancas atendidas nas cidades do Rio de Janeiro e Salvador. A lisotipia evidenciou seis tipos fagicos distintos (19, 41, 97, 105, 120 e 193) com uma predominancia do lisotipo 193 (59,7 por cento) na primeira cidade e do fagotipo 105 (38,4 por cento) na segunda...