Extensor indicis brevis muscle: report of a rare muscular variant and classification proposal / Músculo extensor corto del índice: reporte de una rara variante muscular y propuesta de clasificación

SUMMARY: The current report presented a rare variant of extensor indicis brevis muscle, replacing extensor indicis, in the left hand of an adult male cadaver. The origin of the muscle was reported, for the first time, to be from the distal margins of radius and ulna. The muscle is inserted into the extensor expansion of the index. A new classification for extensor indicis brevis muscle was proposed based on its origin. Awareness of rare anatomical variations would help clinicians and surgeons in accurately managing suspected cases and planning surgical procedures.

RESUMEN: Este informe presenta una variante rara del músculo extensor corto del índice, que reemplaza al extensor del índice en la mano izquierda de un cadáver masculino adulto. Se informó por primera vez, que el origen del músculo se realiza en la parte distal de los márgenes del radio y la ulna. El músculo se insertaba en la expansión extensora del índice. Se propuso una nueva clasificación para el músculo extensor corto del índice basada en su origen. El conocimiento de las variaciones anatómicas raras es útil para los médicos y cirujanos al abordar los casos sospechosos y planificar los procedimientos quirúrgicos.

Immunohistochemical Overexpression of nNOS, S100 Protein, and α-Synuclein in Myenteric Plexus of AS/AGU Rats

Objective: There are four currently motor features characterizing Parkinson's disease (PD). These includerigidity of muscles, bradykinesia, tremors at rest, and instability of posture. Along the course of PD, theimpairment of motor functions is commonly preceded by nonmotor symptoms (NMS) such as olfactory deficit,difficult swallowing (dysphagia), drooling (sialorrhea), constipation, urinary bladder dysfunction, depression,and sleep disorder. It was suggested that the enteric nervous system could be the initial site for the pathologicalprocess leading to PD. Materials and Methods: Six male adult control AS rats (normal control) and six maleadults AS/AGU rats (model of PD) were sacrificed. A rectangular strip from the body of the stomach and across-section from the duodenum were dissected and processed for histological staining with hematoxylin andeosin, and immunohistochemical staining for detection of nNOS (neuronal NOS), S100 protein (astrocytemarker), and alpha-synuclein (α-synuclein). Results: The histological analysis of the stomach and duodenum ofAS/AGU rats demonstrated necrotic smooth muscle cells of muscularis externa. The immunohistochemicalanalysis of AS/AGU rats showed a statistically significant increase in the expression of nNOS, S100 protein, andα-synuclein expression of myenteric plexuses compared to the control strain AS rats. Conclusion:Gastroduodenal tract of AS/AGU rats showed marked histopathological changes and immunohistochemicaloverexpression of nNOS, S100, and α-synuclein.