RESUMEN
In recent years, the number of cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Iran has increased. The goal of this study was to determine the epidemiological status, clinical symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Iran, with a focus on tuberculosis meningitis and miliary tuberculosis. Between January 1, 2000 and June 1, 2021, 1 651 cases of tuberculosis meningitis and miliary tuberculosis were discovered in Iran. The prevalence of tuberculosis meningitis was higher in Sistan and Baluchestan, South Khorasan, and Mazandaran compared with other provinces. The most prevalent symptoms of tuberculous meningitis were fever, anorexia, headache, neck stiffness, loss of consciousness, and vomiting. The most commonly used procedures for diagnosing tuberculous meningitis were polymerase chain reaction and cerebrospinal fluid culture. The most prevalent clinical symptoms of miliary tuberculosis were fever, lethargy, weariness, and anorexia. In 70% of chest radiographs, a miliary pattern was visible. Bone marrow biopsy was used to diagnose miliary tuberculosis in 80% of patients, while bronchoalveolar lavage was used in 20% of cases. The conventional 6-month treatment approach for tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis was used for all of the participants in the investigations. Given the high prevalence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients in Iran and the devastating consequences of the disease, the researchers recommend that further study be done to prevent extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the general population.
RESUMEN
In recent years, the number of cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Iran has increased. The goal of this study was to determine the epidemiological status, clinical symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in Iran, with a focus on tuberculosis meningitis and miliary tuberculosis. Between January 1, 2000 and June 1, 2021, 1 651 cases of tuberculosis meningitis and miliary tuberculosis were discovered in Iran. The prevalence of tuberculosis meningitis was higher in Sistan and Baluchestan, South Khorasan, and Mazandaran compared with other provinces. The most prevalent symptoms of tuberculous meningitis were fever, anorexia, headache, neck stiffness, loss of consciousness, and vomiting. The most commonly used procedures for diagnosing tuberculous meningitis were polymerase chain reaction and cerebrospinal fluid culture. The most prevalent clinical symptoms of miliary tuberculosis were fever, lethargy, weariness, and anorexia. In 70% of chest radiographs, a miliary pattern was visible. Bone marrow biopsy was used to diagnose miliary tuberculosis in 80% of patients, while bronchoalveolar lavage was used in 20% of cases. The conventional 6-month treatment approach for tuberculous meningitis and miliary tuberculosis was used for all of the participants in the investigations. Given the high prevalence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients in Iran and the devastating consequences of the disease, the researchers recommend that further study be done to prevent extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the general population.
RESUMEN
Background: Hepatitis B virus [HBV] is one of the most popular causes of chronic liver diseases through the world. There are approximately 350 million individuals infected with HBV that 15 to 20 million of them are co- infected with HDV. It is known that co-existed infection with HDV tends to accelerate the progress of chronic HBV infection to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. As HBV and hepatitis C virus [HCV] have the same transmission routes, co-infected of HBV and HCV may lead to increasing of chronic liver disease and high mortality rate. The aim of this study is to determine the seroprevalence and the risk factor of HDV and HCV infection with HBV chronic patients
Materials and Methods: This study [descriptive-analytic, type of sectional] is done on 300 patients with chronic hepatitis B referring to hepatitis diseases clinic during 2013-2014 in Birjand. All patients had a documents containing demographic information, virus transmission way and the way aware of disease. Then physical examinations were done and laboratory tests and medical sonographies were recorded in documents, The data collected with checklist then entered in SPSS software and analyzed with statistical tests [p<0.05]
Results: Mean age for 300 patients was 38.61 +/- 11.98 that%54.7 of them were female . There was found no risk factor at% 45.3 of patients. Among the chronic hepatitis B patients, 11 individuals [% 3.7] were co- infected with hepatitis C, 10 [% 3.3] with hepatitis D and 2 [% 0.6] with both hepatitis C and D.% 91.7 patients were negatives HBeAg and positive HBeAb. There was no significant association between prevalence of HDV and HCV with HBV and age, sex, educational state and job. In risk factors patients co-infected HBV and HCV blood transfusion was significant [p=0] but in patients co infected HBV and HDV IV addiction and sharing needles were significant [p=0],[p=0.01]
Conclusion: Practitioners and all health care managers in our area should be acknowledged about the risks of dual infection with HCV and HDV in HBV-infected patients. Patients co-infected HBV and HCV blood transfusion was significant but in patients co-infected HBV and HDV IV addiction and sharing needles were significant
RESUMEN
Urinary tract infection [UTI] is a major health concern worldwide. The present study was aimed to compare drug resistance to ceftriaxone and cefazolin in adult patients with acute pyelonephritis. For this clinical trial, patients with fever plus either dysuria, frequency, flank pain or flank tenderness were enrolled. Having performed urinalysis [U/A], urine culture [U/C] and antibiogram, they were randomly assigned in two groups: ceftriaxone 1gr twice a day or cefazolin 1gr trice a day. Three days later, urine was re-evaluated and patients were categorized as clinical and microbiological responders. Chi-square test and Fisher's exact tests were used, when appropriate. Statistical significance was defined as p<0.05. Study population included 59 females and 27 males. Escherichia coli was the most frequent isolated pathogen [86.0%]. Dysuria, flank pain and flank tenderness was more frequent among non-E. coli-infected than E. coli-infected subjects, however, the difference was solely significant for flank tenderness [p=0.008]. Clinical response was observed in 86.1%, 11.6%, and 2.3% of patients 3, 4, and 5 days following the therapy, respectively, however, there was no significant difference between ceftriaxone and cefazolin group. Totally, 93% of patients became culture negative. Rate of microbiological response did not differ significantly between groups. The results demonstrated that clinical and microbiological responses of patients with acute pyelonephritis are not always compatible. Meanwhile, first and third generation cephalosporins have similar efficacy for treatment of uncomplicated patients