[Evaluation of serum hepatitis B antibody level in vaccinated children after 14 years in Kashan, Iran]

Hepatitis B vaccination has been conducted in neonates in the routine vaccination in Iran since 1993. This study was carried out to evaluate the serum hepatitis B antibody level in vaccinated children after 14 years in Kashan, Iran. This prospetive cohort study was conducted on 200 fourteen-year-old children which were selected via a simple random sampling method in Kashan, Iran drung 2008-09. This subjects were have been vaccined according to the govermental guildline at 0, 2 and 6 months old. Two ml blood specimens were obtained from children and serum hepatitis B surface antibody [anti-HBs] and hepatitis B core antibody [anti-HBc] were determined by ELISA method. Immunity was interpreted as anti-HBs>/= 10 IU/L. Data were analyzed using SPSS-13, Chi-Square and Fisher's exat tests. 92% girls and 95% boys, totally 187[93.5%] children had serum anti-HBs>/= 10 IU/L. Anti-HBc was positive in 3 [3%] girls and 5[5%] boys, totally 8[4%] which all of them had serum anti-HBS/= 2.5 kg [P<0.05]. The immunity following the complete series [0, 2, 6 months old] of hepatitis B vaccination remained detectable after 14 years

Viewpoints of middle-school students of gorgan about respecting the children's rights by their parents

Nowadays, throughout the world particularly in developed countries, an important part of the material and spiritual resources devoted to children and their physical and psychological needs. Of course, in this regard, parents have a major responsibility to provide children with their basic rights. The aim of this study was to survey the middle-school students' viewpoints about respecting their rights by parents. In this cross-sectional study, 1016 male and female middle-school students of Gorgan city were included in 2008 using a randomised multistage cluster sampling procedure. A questionnaire containing 31 specific questions obtained from the United Nations Child Rights Charter was individually filled out for each student. The data was then analyzed by descriptive and nonparametric statistical tests using the SPSS software. Our findings showed that 70.6% of students stated that their rights were completely respected by their parents. The relationships between student's gender [p=0.04], parents education [p=0.001], father's job [p=0.001], family income [p=0.001], and family size [p=0.001] with respecting children rights by parents were statistically significant. Although, many aspects are involved in promoting the physical and psychological well-being of children, the role of parents is of critical significance. Results showed that overall the satisfaction rate of children regarding respecting their rights by parents was reasonable

Effect of age and gender on hypreralgesia induced by social conflict stress in rats

Stress can disturb the physiological homeostasis and the ability to cope with such stressful insults is crucial determinant factor in people health. Today with advances in technology social stresses are increasing. Pain threshold as one of the important physiological systems is affected by stress. Stress induced analgesia is well documented, however, in some situations stress causes hyperalgesia. Type of stress, duration and intensity of stress are major factor in determining hyperalgesia or analgesia. Present study was design to investigate the role of sex and age on pain threshold changes after social conflict stress in rats. Survey the Effect of Age and Gender on Hypreralgesia Induced by Social Conflict Stress in Rats. In this study 60 wistar rats including young [3 months] and old [28 months] were selected for studding the role of stress on pain threshold. Ten young rats were overectomized and 10 rats went under sham operation .Pain latencies were measured using Tail-Flick apparatus before and after stress. The time lapsed that rats moved their tail from photo cells was recorded as tail-flick latencies. Stress was induced by making 4 holes on each side of rats cage and fixing rats tail to the outside of the cage after passing and fixing their tail through the holes. Rats were stressed for ten days, each time for 2 hours. Before stress there was no difference in pain latencies among male and female rats [p>0.05]. On the other hand old rats showed higher pain latencies than young rats [p<0.001]. Overectomized rats showed significant reduction in pain latencies compared to sham operated group [p<0.05]. After stress in all groups old, young, female and overectomized tail flick latency significantly decreased [p<0.05 and p<0.01]. Reaction to stress in both sexes was comparable, while reduction in tail flick latency was more in overectomized rats compared to sham operated group [p<0.01]. Old rats showed more reduction in tail flick latency compared to young rats. [p<0.01] Social conflict stress cause hyperalgesia in rats. It seems old rats and overectomized are sensitive to social conflict stress and showed more hyperalgesia

Comparison of disinfectant efficacy of micro 10, sodium hypochlorite, betadine and savlon on the equipment ofradiology department, school of dentistry, Isfahan universityof medical science

Cross infection control is a great concern to which great attention should thus be paid. Infection control protocols in dental radiology are employed to reduce the potential for infectious disease transmission. The areas relevant to the exposure and processing of dental radiographs are not routinely associated with the spatter of blood or saliva; however, infectious disease transmission is still possible if we use contaminated equipment, supplies, film pockets or cassettes. This study aims at comparing the disinfectant efficacy of micro 10, sodium hypochlorite, betadine and savlon on the equipment of the radiology department. Foreach solution, sampling was performed, before disinfection, on 27 sections of the radiology department. Experimental surfaces were then disinfected by the spray-wipe-spray method followed by resembling. The samples were subsequently cultured on bloody agar plates and the colonies were counted. The results of this research showed that the mean rank of turbidity degrees of culture media are respectively 76.74, 68.96, 59.48, 68.96 and 65.85 before disinfection with sodium hypochlorite, betadine, savlon, micro 10 and normal saline. They are respectively 60.74, 50.91, 67.06, 49.37 and 111.93 after disinfection. The results of Kruskal-Wallis test showed that there is a significant difference between the turbidity degrees of culture media after disinfection with the five solutions [Pv<0.001]. Mann-Whitney test also revealed that the efficacy of each of the 4 disinfectant solutions is significantly different from that of the witness solution.[PV<0.001].Regarding the results of this research, micro 10 has the highest disinfectant efficacy as compared with other solutions. Betadine, sodium hypochlorite and savlon are respectively other high efficacy disinfectants. So, regarding micro 10 high efficacy [81.50%], it can be used to establish a disinfected and reliable environment for the radiological personnel and patients with the observance of sufficient contact time and viscosity

[Pentylentetrazol-induced seizure induces immediate early gene C-fos in rat brain]

Introduction: One of the most important subjects in modern biology is to explain the molecular mechanisms by which an organism adapts in response to environmental signals. In this area, the protooncogene c- fos is widely used as a useful marker for tracing stimuli in the nervous system. It is considered as a general transcription factor, which can regulate expression of related target genes

Objective: The purpose of this research was to study the brain structures involved in seizure using c-fos expression mapping

Materials and Methods: In this study, we used pentylentetrazole 65 mg/kg, i.p, as a kindling inducing drug and approximately two hours after the drug usage, immunohistochemical analysis was performed using immunoperoxidase staining with c-fos antibody, ABC kit and DAB

Results: Results showed a dramatic and specific induction of c-fos in the nuclei of neurons in dentate gyrus, hippocampus, somatosensory cortex and limbic system

Conclusion: It is possible that FOS, a nuclear protein binding to the regulatory part of some target genes such as proenkephaline which is widely released after seizure can contributes to neural plasticity. Therefore, finding the relationship of FOS with target genes in forming appropriate response in nervous systems plasticity is of great importance