Effect of environment and nutrition on minerals, heavy metals and trace elements on Sinai breeding camel. Trace elements [zinc and copper] profile

The present work was preformed to special part of our country, the land which observed four wars in the last century and many trips, journeys from friends and enemies, Sinai, with special reference to animal especially tread as desert boat, the camel. Our data demonstrated that the Camel Dromedary [Camelus dromedaries] in Sinai area, the zinc level in serum was [33.79 +/- 0.17 micro g/dl]; liver [112.57 +/- 0.008 micro g/gm DM], muscle [112.42 +/- 0.04 micro g/gm DM], kidney [103.77 +/- 0.01 micro g/gm DM], heart [54.66 +/- 0.007 micro g/gm DM], spleen [54.66 +/- 0.007 micro g/gm DM], ovary [36.15 +/- 0.05 micro g/gm DM] and testis [15.27 +/- 0.008 micro g/gm DM]. While serum copper concentrations was 54.66 +/- 0.21 micro g/dl; kidney [124.65 +/- 0.017 micro g/gm DM], liver [115.30 +/- 0.24 micro g/gm DM], muscle [111.25+0.45 micro g/gm DM], spleen [55.94 +/- 0.018 micro g/gm DM], heart [48.49 +/- 0.025 micro g/gm DM], ovary [40.80 +/- 0.017 micro g/gm DM] and testis [28.46 +/- 0.016]. The present data revealed that the higher concentrations of both serum zinc and copper levels are present in sera of camels in south Sinai than north Sinai and in the female she-camel than male camel with age related references to over 5 years. The serum zinc level was highest values, in south Sinai especially in female over 5 years [41.87 +/- 0.05 micro g/dl] but lower in female and male age [2-4 years] and males over 5 years in the same area [34.65 +/- 0.22 micro g/dl]. The serum copper concentrations in south Sinai female over 5 years were 57.12 +/- 0.34 micro g/dl compared with female [2-4 years] [53.93 +/- 0.16 micro g/dl]. There was influence of the breeding season on the serum zinc and copper levels in either male or female, the serum zinc concentrations increased during breeding season especially in female in the south Sinai [32.25 +/- 0.18 micro g/dl]. Serum copper level showed high significant increase in its level in female in south Sinai [60.3011.08 micro g/dl] than in north Sinai [56.50 +/- 0.11 micro g/dl]. Zinc concentrations in kidney of she camel were [187.05 +/- 0.013 micro g/gm DM], heart [79.18 +/- 0.005 micro g/gm DM], spleen [58.59 +/- 0.02 micro g/gm DM] and ovary [36.15 +/- 0.05 micro g/gm DM]. Similarly, copper concentrations were higher in kidney [211.05 +/- 0.022 micro g/gm DM], followed by heart [89.35 +/- 0.016 micro g/gm DM], spleen [66.19 +/- 0.018 micro g/gm DM] and ovary [40.80 +/- 0.05 micro g/gm DM] than male in the she-camel. The data indicated that the camel breeds in south Sinai contain higher concentrations of zinc and copper levels than camels in north Sinai and there were significant differences between camels due to age and/or sex and/or breeding season and/or geographical variations

Serological tests and biochemical profiles in camels infected with brucellosis

Blood samples were collected from 80 camels kept in closed farm [Camel production unit Animal production Institute and others], another 72 blood samples were collected from camels kept in close contact with cattle and other small ruminant from different areas in Gize governorate. As well as 94 blood samples were collected from imported camel from Sudan in camel market. Our data showed that the highest percent of positive reactors was observed in the imported camels [Sudanese camel] in large herd [8.50 to 11.70% [9.50%, 10.60%. 9.50%, 8.51%. 9.57% and 11.70 to 8.50% for RBPT, BAPA, Riv, SAT, MET and DI/ respectively], Camels in contact with other animals [6.94 to 11.10% [8.30%, 9.40%, 8.30%, 6.94%, 8.33% and 8.30 to 11.10% for RBPT, BAPA, Riv, SAT, MET and DIA, respectively] and Camels in closed farms [0.00 to 2.50% [1.25%, 2.50%, 0.00%, 1.25%, 0.00% and 1.25 to 5.00% for RBPT. BAPA, Riv, SAT, MET and DIA, respectively]. The results of sensitivity and specificity of DIA revealed that DIA using n-lauroylsarcosin extract is more specific than DIA whole bacterial antigen. The sera of infected camels with brucclla [either camels contact with animals or imported camels] showed elevated levels in each of the GGT, LDH, ALP, AST, ALT, total protein, albumin, glucose, urea, uric acid and creatinine. The sera of imported camels infected with brucellosis were characterized by increased levels of protein bands with molecular weights 29.83 -30.11, 45.95-46.27 kDa, with increase of 34.64, 35.29, 74.67, 87.74, 98.96, 99.75, 104.62, 110.57, 115.54, 132.63, 134.12, 138.69, 140.25 kDa protein bands in both camels contact with animals and imported camels infected with brucellosis. Protein bands 181.3,1-183.34 and 214.36 KDa were apparent in camels contact with animal's sera infected with brucellosis and protein bands 189.59 and 231.79 were present in imported camel's sera infected with brucellosis especially in 1/320 antibody sera. The LDH and ALP iso-enzymes had a characteristic profile in brucellosis. Our conclusions that imported camels infected brucellosis followed by camels contact with animals infected with brucellosis had more serious biochemical discordance. The results give us an index to diagnosis of brucellosis in the imported camel. The incidence percent of brucellosis in camels in closed farm in dedicate importance, good prognosis mean and diagnosis tools to detect and eliminate the infected camels, and aid in epidemiological controls of the disease

Serological and biochemical studies in serum and milk of infected IBR/IPV cattle [with 9 tables and 2 figures]

Infectious pustular vulvo vaginitis [IPV] was isolated and identified from cows showing the genital form of infection, located at Dakahlia Governorate. The clinical viral sign included vulvo-vaginitis, abortion, retained fetal membranes and metritis. IPV was isolated from vaginal swabs on MDBK cell line and confirmed by virus neutralization test [VNT]. SNT and ELIZA detected IBR/IPV antibodies in serum and milk samples. SNT and ELISA revealed that 63 [70%] and 71 [78.1%] sera samples were positive respectively while 35 [58.3%] and 40 [66.7%] milk samples were positive respectively. The biochemical changes are more pronounced associated with sera containing high IBR/IPV antibody titer. There were significant increase protein bands with molecular weight 193.87, 163.97, 156.81, 129.70, 105.03, 100.94, 87.74, 74.67, 73.96 KD and significant decrease of protein band with molecular weight [KD] 138.69, 68.55, 66.63, 65.09, 41.36 and 30.39 KD in sera with low, moderate and high IBR/IPV antibody titer associated with several mineral changes including increase magnesium and iron protein binding capacity associated with serum with low IBR/IPV antibodies titer, while moderate IBR/IPV antibodies sera associated with significant increase in total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, total magnesium, iron and iron binding capacity levels and significant decrease in chloride levels, while significant increase in inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, iron and iron binding capacity levels and significant decrease in chloride level ions was determined in serum with high IBR/IPV antibody titer. The increase in IBR/IPV antibody concentration was associated with metabolic changes that lead to an increased individual animal risk of non-pregnancy and increased risk of abortion. All animals imported to Egypt should be free from IBR/IPV infections. IBR/IPV virus as cause of venereal disease must consider. Control programs for detection and removal of IBR/IPV-persisted cattle should be applied in cattle herds all over the country