Reporte de un caso: perforación intestinal por cuerpo extraño / Case report: intestinal perforation by foreign body

La ingestión accidental de cuerpos extraños en la infancia es un evento frecuente que pocas veces requiere manejo intervencionista y presenta muy pocas complicaciones que impliquen tratamiento quirúrgico. Se presenta un caso clínico de un lactante de 10 meses de edad, sin signos abdominales, en quien se encontró, como hallazgo incidental, un cuerpo extraño radiopaco de 7 cm de longitud en el abdomen compatible con un tornillo. No fue posible realizar la extracción endoscópica y requirió manejo quirúrgico. Se encontró una perforación de la segunda y tercera porción duodenal.

Accidental ingestion of foreign bodies in childhood is a common event that rarely requires interventional management and presents very few complications involving surgical treatment. We present a clinical case of a 10 month old infant, without abdominal manifestations, in whom it was incidentally found a foreign radiopaque body of 7 cm in length in the abdomen, compatible with a screw. It was not possible to extract it by endoscopy. Therefore, it was necessary to perform surgery and a perforation of the second and third portion of the duodenum was encountered.

Atrofia focal con cicatrices estrelladas en niños con gastritis crónica asociada con Helicobacter pylori. Gastritis atrófica inicial? / Focal atrophy with stellate scars in children with chronic gastritis associated to Helicobacter pylori. Is this early atrophic gastritis?

Background: Atrophic gastritis has not been described in children in the setting of Helicobacter pylori infection. Methods: Gastric biopsies of six children (7 to 11 years old) with history of HpCG and recent therapeutic eradication of H. pylori, were reviewed. In the 6 H. pylori was documented with histology, culture, direct visualization and/or serology before treatment. Cases were compared with five biopsies of age-matched patients showing none of the above-mentioned clinical data. All the biopsies were formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded and stained with hematoxilin-eosin, Masson trichrome and reticulin stain. Results: The biopsies of the six treated patients showed variable-in-size stellate-shaped spots of glandular loss replaced by dense connective tissue with few inflammatory cells. The fibrous tissue showed a central area of scaring and radially oriented spikes extending to adjacent interglandular tissue, more evident with the Masson trichrome stain. Density of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria was variable. H. pylori organisms were consistently absent. On the reticulin stain the atrophic areas showed coarser and compacted reticulin. Stellate scars were not present in the five controls. Conclusions: Small foci with fibrous scars may be found in children with long standing HpCG, perhaps as an early sequel of it. We hypothesize that if the chronic gastritis-gastric atrophy process is a continuum, these stellate scars may be representing the very beginning of the multifocal atrophic gastritis usually seen in adult patients.

The clinical and histological spectrum of esophagitis in pediatrics. Some keys to its links to gastritis

The purpose of our study was to assess the clinical and histological spectrum of esophagitis, seeking possible links between esophagitis and gastritis particularly Helicobacter pylori-associated, in pediatric patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively studied 66 sequential and 63 gastric biopsies from 66 patients fulfilling the histological diagnosis of "esophagitis". Cases were arranged in two groups: G1 (H. pylori negative): N = 44 (27 m; 17 f), mean age 7.3 y (range 7-9 m-18 y) and G2 (H. pylori positive): N = 22 (16 f; 6 m), mean age 12.8 y (range 7-16 y). RESULTS: The bases for performing endoscopy and biopsies were as follows: in G1 (N44) symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in 24 cases and non-GER in 20 cases; in G2 (N = 22): symptoms of GER in 13 and non-GER in 9 cases. Esophageal endoscopic findings for G1 patients included: normal mucosa 39; esophagitis 3; congestive mucosa and esophagitis 1 each. Stomach endoscopic findings for G1 patients were normal mucosa 29; nodular antrum 7; congestive mucosa 4; ulceration 2; unknown 2. G2 children revealed nodular antrum 19; congestive antrum 2; normal mucosa 1. Histology of esophageal biopsies in G1 was esophagitis grade 1,35; grade 2,4; grade 3, 4, and grade 5, 1. G2 showed esophagitis grade 1,20, and grade 2,2. The histologic findings of the gastric biopsies were as follows: G1 (N = 41): normal mucosa 23; mild chronic gastritis 6; mucus depletion in the superficial 5; mild acute gastritis 3; hemorrhage 1; insufficient tissue 3. G2: chronic gastritis associated with H. pylori with or without follicular hyperplasia 21; mild gastritis 1.

Toxocariasis con afectación hepática / Toxocariasis with liver involvement

We are reporting 16 cases of toxocariasis found in a two year period. Mean age was 2 years and 9 months. Sex distribution was 1:1. Thirteen (81 per cent) children presented pica, 8 (50 per cent) had pets at home, 10 (62.5 per cent presented anemia and long standing fever, and all eosinophilic leukocytosis. Fundoscopy was normal in all. Toxocara antibodies (Through ELISA) were increased in all of them. High resolution ultrasonography revealed hypoechoic areas in the liver in 50 per cent of the cases. Therapeutic response was good, the clinical signs and symptoms disappearing at the end of treatment. The eosinophilic leukocytosis, ELISA serum positivity for toxocara and ultrasound findings persisted approximately for a year. Toxocariasis is a common parasitosis in our setting. It must be regarded as the first diagnosis when confronted with eosinophilic leukocytosis and abnormal liver findings by ultrasound.

Evaluación de la utilidad del sistema Sydney en la gastritis asociada a Helicobacter pylori en niños / Assessment of the Sydney system in Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis in children

Objetivo: Establecer la utilidad de la escaa visual del "Sistema Sydney"actualizado (Ssa) para calificar las biopsias con gastritis crónica en la edad pediátrica. Material y métodos: Se analizaron 79 biopsias gástricas de 15 pacientes con gastritis crónica asociada con H. Pylori. Se obtuvieron biopsias de antro y cuerpo de todos los pacientes, y en 13 series de biopsias de 11 pacientes (dos con dos series), se realizaron cinco biopsias siguiendo la propuesta del Ssa: dos del antro a 2-3 cm proximales al piloro (una de la curvatura menor y otro de la curvatura mayor), dos del cuerpo a 8 cm del cardias (una de la curvatura menor y otro de la curvatura mayor), y una de la incisura angularis. La presencia de sulfomucinas se detectó mediante la coloración de azul Alcian-PAS a pH 1,0, preferentemente en las muestras de la incisura angularis. En cada muestra se calificó la densidad de H. pylori, infiltrados de neutrófilos y células mononucleadas, atrofia y metaplasia intestinal como: normal (ausencia), leve moderada o marcada, y se determinó la presencia o no de folículos linfóides. Resultados: Diez pacientes fueron mujeres y cinco, varones; la edad osciló entre 2 y 16 años (promedio: 10.8 años). Los principales síntomas de presentación fueron dolor abdominal recurrente (10 casos), hemorragia gastrointestinal (4 casos), pirosis (2 casos), vómitos y anemia (uno cada uno). Un paciente tenía hipertensión portal. En los 15 pacientes, se efectuaron en total 79 biopsias. La evaluación de esas muestras siguiendo la escala de analogía visual del Ssa mostró las siguientes calificaciones morfológicas: no hubo infiltrados de neutrófilos en 27 biopsias; fueron leves en 35 y moderados en 17. No se halló ninguna biopsia con marcada cantidad de neutrófilos. Los infiltrados mononucleares fueron leves en 38 biopsias, moderados en 36, y abundantes en 5. La densidad de H. pylori fue considerada leve en 39 biopsias, moderada en 27 y marcada en dos. En tres biopsias postratamiento del mismo paciente (caso 8) no se encontró H. pylori. Otras ocho biopsias (7 del cuerpo y una del antro) revelaron ausencia de H. pylori, aunque los gérmenes estuvieron presentes simultáneamente en otros sitios del estómago...