Ethical considerations in animal research: the principle of 3r's

In the last century, progress in the knowledge of human diseases, their diagnosis and treatment have grown exponentially, due in large part to the introduction and use of laboratory animals. Along with this important progress, the need to provide training and guidance to the scientific community in all aspects related to the proper use of experimental animals has been indispensable. Animal research committees play a primary role in evaluating experimental research protocols, from their feasibility to the rational use of animals, but above all in seeking animal welfare. The Institutional Committee for the Care and Use of Animals (IACUC) has endeavored to share several relevant aspects in conducting research with laboratory animals. Here, we present and discuss the topics that we consider of utmost importance to take in the account during the design of any experimental research protocol, so we invite researchers, technicians, and undergraduate and graduate students to dive into the fascinating subject of proper animal care and use for experimentation. The main intention of these contributions is to sensitize users of laboratory animals for the proper and rational use of them in experimental research, as well as to disseminate the permitted and unpermitted procedures in laboratory animals. In the first part, the significance of experimental research, the main functions of IACUC, and the principle of the three R's (replacement, reduction, and refinement) are addressed.

Aspectos biológicos, clínicos y epidemiológicos de la tuberculosis latente: [revision] / Biological, clinical and epidemiological aspects of latent tuberculosis: [review]

Mycobacterium tuberculosis afecta a la humanidad desde hace más de 20 000 años. Su morbimortalidad es elevada, por lo que repercute económicamente en los países en desarrollo. La infección latente, caracterizada por la presencia de bacilos vivos en tejidos del huésped, con ausencia de signos y síntomas clínicos, es una característica de esta enfermedad, ya que la micobacteria puede adaptar su metabolismo para mantenerse viva con baja o nula replicación, dificultando su eliminación de los tejidos por los fármacos antituberculosos y permaneciendo inadvertida al reconocimiento y eliminación por el sistema inmunológico. Varias son las interrogantes de esta forma de tuberculosis (TB): la falta de conocimiento del metabolismo del bacilo en estado durmiente, su relación con la inmunidad del hospedero y la identificación de antígenos como marcadores diagnósticos de infección subclínica durante la latencia. Este artículo resume los aspectos biológicos, clínicos y epidemiológicos más importantes de esta forma de tuberculosis.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causal agent of tuberculosis, has affected humankind for approximately 20 000 years. Tuberculosis is a devastating disease, particularly in developing countries. One of its most notable characteristics is latent infection, in which live bacilli persist in the host tissues without clinical manifestations. Thus, the tuberculous bacilli adapt their metabolism to remain viable with low or no replication, avoiding their elimination by the immune system or conventional chemotherapy. Among the several problems that are particularly important to the understanding of this form of tuberculosis, and are not well-known, are the key metabolic steps that allow mycobacteria to remain in a dormant state and its interaction with host immunity. This article reviews some of the most significant biological, clinical and epidemiological aspects of this form of tuberculosis.