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Objective: This study aimed to investigate the verbal memory and working memory impairment in healthy siblings of patients with schizophrenia
Methods: The purpose of this study was to compare cognitive deficits in siblings of the patients with schizophrenia and control group. A total of 35 unaffected siblings of patients with schizophrenia were selected from the relatives of the patients referred to Shoosh clinic and 35 matched healthy controls were selected from the staff of the same clinic. This sample was chosen accessible. Then, the subjects completed Verbal Paired Association Test, Logical Memory Test, Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised, and N-back working memory Test. Data were analyzed by Chi-square, t test, and Multivariate analyses of variance [MANOVA]. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20
Results: The results indicated that there were significant differences between the siblings of the patients with schizophrenia and control group with respect to the cognitive functions [P<0.05]. Siblings of the patients with schizophrenia performed low in both verbal and working memory compared to the control group
Conclusion: In this study, our results supported this hypothesis that verbal and working memory impairment could be considered endophenotype of schizophrenia
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Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prediction of asthma control on the basis of perceived stress, locus of control, and self-efficacy in adult patients with asthma
Methods: This was a descriptive-correlative and cross-sectional study.The solecty of this study is all asthmatic patients in Tehran. our sample consisted of 100 participants who were selected by purposeful sampling method. A total of 100 patients with asthma were selected among outpatients of Masih Daneshvari Hospital. Participants included 52 women and 48 men. Their mean [ +/- SD] age was 36.12 [ +/- 9.82] years. Sociodemographic data were collected and Perceived Stress Scale [PSS], Multidimensional Health Locus of Control [MHLC], Asthma Self-efficacy Scale [ASES], and Asthma Control Test [ACT] were applied. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and multiple regression analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS ver. 16.0
Results: The results indicated that there were negative significant relationships between perceived stress, dimension of external control [chance] and asthma control, but positive significant relationships between self-efficacy and asthma control. In regression analysis, the perceived stress was the predictor of asthma control
Conclusion: In this study, our findings suggest that perceived stress has an important role in the development and maintenance of asthma symptoms. In addition, self-efficacy and a tendency to externally attribute the locus of control [chance] are significantly associated with asthma control
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Objective: This study aimed to assess deficits of cognitive and emotional aspects of theory of mind in patients with bipolar disorder type 1 within a remission period
Methods: In this case- control study, 30 bipolar patients and 30 normal individuals were selected through Purposive sampling method for the purpose of the study. Then, they were matched based on their educational background and age. Finally, all participants were asked to complete the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale [K10], eyes test, Theory of Mind Picture Stories Tasks. Data were analyzed using the independent t-test$Results: Results show that there is a significant difference between two groups regarding their scores of cognitive theory of mind [t=4.85, P<0.01]. and emotional theory of mind[t=4.54, P<0.01]. and their reaction time for cognitive test[t=10.34, P<0.01] and emotional test[t=4.61, P<0.01]
Conclusion: The results show that bipolar patients type I with remission period have defici regarding cognitive and emotional theory of mind. And because of this, they are weak in understanding others 'cognitivem ind states like opinions and ambitions, and others' emotional mind states like feelings and emotions. In fact, it can be concluded that the deficit in Theory of cognitive and emotional mind in bipolar patients with remission period can be the result of the malfunction of brain regions and cognitive infrastructures like executive performances
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Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of psychological wellbeing with variables of mindfulness and emotion regulation strategies, and then to identify which one predicts better psychological well-being
Methods: We used a descriptive-analytical design for this study. A total of 243 students from 3 Tehran universities were selected using the convenience sampling method. Three measurement instruments were used in this study: mindful attention awareness scale [MAAS], cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire [CERQ], and psychological well-being scale [PWS]. The statistical analysis included the Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis. Study variables were calculated with SPSS ver. 19
Results: The results indicated that mindfulness and psychological well-being are positively correlated to most of the more adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and negatively correlated to most of the less adaptive ones. In the fifth model of regression analysis, positive reappraisal [Beta=0.27], catastrophizing [Beta=-0.24], refocus on planning [Beta=0.24], mindfulness [Beta=0.22], and acceptance [Beta=-0.10] were the best predictors of psychological well-being, consecutively, and together accounted for 46% of the variance
Conclusion: Higher mindfulness and using more adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies are associated with higher psychological well-being. Regression analysis also suggests that higher levels of positive reappraisal, refocusing on planning, mindfulness, lower levels of catastrophizing, and acceptance predict higher levels of psychological well-being
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Objective: This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of maladaptive schemas between childhood emotional maltreatment and psychological distress among college students
Methods: This was a descriptive-correlative and after the fact study. A total of 315 students were selected with multistage cluster sampling from students of Tehran universities. The participants completed the lifetime of experiences questionnaire [LEQ], Young's schema questionnaire short form with 90-item [YSQ-SF-3], and the trauma symptom checklist-40 [TSC-40]. Data were analyzed by path analysis using SPSS 16
Results: The results indicated that perception of childhood emotional maltreatment was associated with later psychological distress and mediated through schema of defectiveness/shame, vulnerability to harm, self-sacrifice, and entitlement
Conclusion: In this study, our findings suggested that childhood emotional maltreatment is contributed to later psychological distress by developing cognitive vulnerability of children through maladaptive schemas. These schemas are rigid and extreme cognitive structures that negatively filter and bias cognitive and emotional information
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The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of psychotherapy based on acceptance and commitment therapy [ACT] on the subscales of marital satisfaction; overall satisfaction, religious orientation, relations with children, sex, occasional conflicts, interpersonal conflicts and arrogance, by single case study in the spouses of veterans with spinal cord injuries. Participants completed Enrich marital satisfaction questionnaire at baseline [3 to 6 weeks], during six session's psychotherapy and the two-month follow-up. Analysis method of charting and visual analysis of the results showed that the [ACT] is an effective therapeutic approach to 4 marital satisfaction subscales but second and third participant didn't show any improvement.. Considering the above, [ACT] is an effective therapeutic approach to overall satisfaction, occasional conflicts, relations with children and interpersonal conflicts
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Objective [s]: To identify personality traits and function of attention in high-risk drivers. The study aimed to compare personality traits and function of attention in two groups of high-risk drivers and normal ones
Methods: This was a case-control study. Using simple random sampling, 50 high-risk male drivers were selected whose cars or license have been confiscated by traffic police in Tehran, Iran. Also in control group, 50 male drivers were selected who had no violations in their records. Personality traits of the two groups were measured by the NEO PI-R test with 240 questions and function of attention was measured by the Continuous Performance Test [CPT]. Data were analyzed by Chi-square test, analysis of covariance and discriminate analysis
Results: The finings illustrated that in personality factors there were a significant difference between high risk and normal drivers in neuroticism, extraversion, openness and conscientiousness. In neuroticism and extraversion, high-risk drivers had higher scores than normal drivers [P<0.01], whereas in openness and conscientiousness normal drivers had higher scores [P<0.01]. However, in agreeableness there was no significant difference between the two groups. In function of attention there was a significant difference between high-risk an normal drivers. In commission error, omission error and reaction time indexes high-risk drivers had higher scores than normal drivers [P< 0.01], while in correct detection normal drivers had higher scores than high-risk drivers [P<0.01]. In discriminate analysis the findings showed that 71.74 % of the variance was due to risky derving behavior
Conclusion: The finings demonstrated that there were significant differences between high risk and normal drivers in personality traits and attention. Therefore it is recommended to perform psychological assessments at the time of granting driving licenses and periodically thereafter and provide trainings for high-risk drivers
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The present research investigates the efficacy of Group Cognitive-Remediation Therapy [GCRT] in decreasing clinical symptoms and enhancing cognitive performance among patients with schizophrenia. Forty subjects were randomly selected from inpatients with at Razi Psychiatry Schizophrenia Hospital, and were assigned to one experimental and one control group, each one comprising 20 subjects. Both groups received drug therapy, and the experimental group received 16 sessions of GCRT in addition. Subjects were examined before, during and after intervention, using measures for assessing positive and negative symptoms, neuro-behavioral and cognitive examination, and nurse observation. Data were analyzed using multivariate repeated measures. GCRT had decreased positive and negative symptoms in patients in the experimental group, and enhanced their cognitive performance. However, it had no effect on behavioral performance. Treatment of patients with schizophrenia requires a multifaceted program, which takes cognitive disorders into consideration. GCRT, which is based upon the Iranian socio-cultural situation, could be effective for improving cognitive disorders and decreasing clinical symptoms