Enumeration of Salmonella Species Isolated in Ready–to–Eat Fruits Vended in Bukuru Market, Jos South, Plateau State

Background: Despite control measures to curtailed salmonella fruit contamination over the years, pathogenic disease outbreaks caused by the ingestion of Salmonella contaminated fresh-cut-fruits pose a significant problem to human health by the consumption of fresh and minimally processed fruits. This study aimed to enumerate and determine the prevalence of Salmonella species isolated in ready-to-eat fruits vended in Bukuru Market Jos South, Plateau state. Methodology: A total of seventy-eight ready-to-eat vended fruit samples were purchased and cultured for the enumeration of bacterial isolates according to National Food Safety Standard for Microbiological Examination. Pulp pH value of each fruit was obtained by immersing litmus paper into the pulp and results recorded. Results: Of the 78 fruits specimen, 22 (28.2%) were Salmonella positive. The prevalence rates of salmonella isolated were found to be higher (22.7%) in both coconut and avocado followed by watermelon (18.2%) and sweetmelon (13.6%) as compared with other fruits in the study area. Lower rates of 4.5% were found in banana, pawpaw, and dates with a rise in apple with 9.1% respectively. Conclusion: The study showed a high p<0.05 (7.811) prevalence of pathogenic Salmonella species isolated in ready-to-eat fruits in the study area revealing that the spread of salmonella is not independent of fruits thereby suggestive of contamination made available by fruit vendors in this part of the world. Thus, epidemiological traceability and significant measures must be taken to check the safety of these vended products before consumption.

Alterações metabólicas e inflamatórias na gestação / Metabolic and inflammatory changes in pregnancy

Em gestantes, ocorrem alterações hormonais, metabólicas e hematológicas, fisiologicamente importantes. As alterações metabólicas observadas estão associadas ao aumento do efeito hepático da progesterona, estradiol e lactogênio placentário nesse período. Estrogênios são conhecidos por aumentar a produção de colesterol VLDL e diminuir a atividade da lipase hepática. Nesse grupo de mulheres, notase também um aumento do número de neutrófilos e monócitos para a circulação periférica, notadamente em gestantes com pré-eclampsia, tendo como consequência produção e secreção da mieloperoxidase. Assim, torna-se importante determinar quais alterações metabólicas e inflamatórias estão relacionadas com a gestação, para auxiliar no diagnóstico e prognóstico de doenças cardiovasculares futuras nesta população. Além dos fatores de risco, esta revisão aponta novos biomarcadores, tais como a mieloperoxidase, capacidade antioxidante total do soro, marcadores inflamatórios e proteína plasmática A.(AU)

In pregnant women, hormonal, metabolic and hematologic physiologically important changes occur. The metabolic changes observed are associated with increased hepatic effect of estradiol, progesterone and placental lactogen during this period. Estrogens are known to increase production of VLDL cholesterol and decrease the activity of hepatic lipase. In this group of women, we can note an increased number of neutrophils and monocytes into the peripheral circulation, especially in pregnant women with pre-eclampsia, resulting in production and secretion of myeloperoxidase. Thus, it becomes important to determine which metabolic and inflammatory changes are related to pregnancy, to assist in the diagnosis and prognosis of future cardiovascular disease in this population. In addition to the risk factors, this review shows new biomarkers such as myeloperoxidase, total antioxidant capacity of serum, inflammatory markers and plasma protein A.(AU)

O cetoprofeno como oportunidade terapêutica no estresse oxidativo: uma revisão / Ketoprofen as a therapeutic opportunity in oxidative stress: a review

O cetoprofeno é um anti-inflamatório não esteroidal, antipirético e analgésico amplamente utilizado na prática clínica para o tratamento de artrite reumatóide e outras doenças inflamatórias. Seu mecanismo de ação está baseado na inibição não seletiva da COX, porém esta inibição também promove alguns efeitos adversos. Diferentes pesquisas demonstram que o estresse oxidativo pode estar relacionado com o aparecimento dos efeitos adversos provocados pelo cetoprofeno. Em contrapartida, diversos estudos apontam a participação do estresse oxidativo no ambiente inflamatório. Portanto, tornou-se promissor o estudo da relação entre o cetoprofeno, a inflamação e o estresse oxidativo. Diante deste fato, o objetivo deste trabalho é revisar a literatura a fim de reunir informações sobre a ação do cetoprofeno diante do estresse oxidativo, presente no processo inflamatório, e o aparecimento dos efeitos adversos provocados pelo uso deste fármaco.(AU)

The ketoprofen is a non steroidal anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic widely used in clinical practice for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases. Its mechanism of action is based on non-selective COX inhibition, but this inhibition also leads to some adverse effects. Different researches have shown that oxidative stress may be associated with the onset of adverse effects caused by ketoprofen. On the other hand, several studies point to the involvement of oxidative stress in the inflammatory environment. Therefore, it has become promising study the relationship between the ketoprofen, inflammation and oxidative stress. Considering this fact, the aim of this paper is to review the literature in order to gather information on the effect of ketoprofen on the oxidative stress present in the inflammatory process, and the appearance of adverse effects of using this drug.(AU)

Actinomicosis del sistema nervioso central: presentación de caso / Actinomycosis of the Central Nervous System: Case Report

La actinomicosis es una infección bacteriana indolente, producida por bacilos Gram positivos y que puede afectar cualquier parte del organismo. El compromiso del sistema nervioso central es raro, de baja sospecha clínica y fácilmente confundible con una neoplasia. Los hallazgos clínicos y radiológicos son inespecíficos, por lo cual la confirmación histológica es necesaria. Se deben descartar focos de diseminación distantes o por contigüidad al neuroeje. El tratamiento debe ser antibioticoterapia por largo plazo y drenaje quirúrgico.

Actinomycosis is a bacterial infection caused by Gram-positive bacilli which can affect any part of the body. It is uncommon that the central nervous system is compromised, it has low clinical suspicion and could easily be mistaken for neoplasm. The clinical and radiologic findings are nonspecific. For this reason, histopathologic confirmation for diagnosis is necessary. It is important to rule out contiguous and distant dissemination to the neuroaxis. The treatment for this disease must consist of a prolonged antibiotics regimen and surgical drainage.

Foliculitis necrotizante herpética / Necrotizing herpes folliculitis. Report of one case

Herpes folliculitis is a rare manifestation of herpes virus infection. It usually represents a diagnostic challenge, due to the absence of characteristic skin manifestations such as vesicles or pustules. The reported cases are mainly associated with varicella zoster virus (VZV) and less commonly with herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1 y HSV-2). We report a 51-year-old male with a relapsing non-Hodgkin Lymphoma under chemotherapy, with history of extensive follicular lesions lasting one month. The pathologic study of the lesions was consistent with necrotizing herpes folliculitis. The patient was treated with Valacyclovir, achieving remission of the lesions. The appearance of folliculitis, especially in an immunocompromised patient, should raise the suspicion of herpes virus infection. Polymerase chain reaction may help to elucidate the diagnosis when pathologic findings are non-specific.

Colagenosis perforante reactiva adquirida: Caso clínico / Acquired reactive perforating collagenosis: Report of two cases

Acquired reactive perforating collagenosis is a perforating dermatosis characterized by transepidermal elimination of collagen. It is frequently associated to diabetes mellitus and chronic renal insuffciency, but it is also related to other systemic diseases. The lesions tend to resolve once the underlying condition is treated. We report two patients with the condition. A 65 year-old diabetic female on hemodialysis consulted for multiple itching cutaneous ulcers lasting one year. On physical examination, hyperpigmented papules and nodules were observed. A 65 year-old female with chronic renal failure in hemodialysis consulted for itching lesions in hands, forearms and arms. On physical examination, hyperpigmented lesions with ulcers, erosions and crusts were observed. In both cases, the pathological study of the lesions disclosed a reactive perforating collagenosis.

Prevalencia del intervalo QT prolongado en diferentes patrones electrocardiográficos: estudio por teleelectrocardiografía / Increased Q-T interval in different electrocardiographic patterns: a remote recording electrocardiographic study

Introducción: El intervalo QT prolongado ha sido identificado como factor de riesgo de arritmias ventriculares incluso en personas aparentemente sanas. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la prevalencia de QTc prolongado en electrocardiogramas normales, con bloqueo completo de rama (BCR) y con crecimiento de ventrículo izquierdo (HVI). Métodos y Resultados: Se consideró como prolongado un valor > 440 mseg, en cada una de 4 derivaciones: D1, aVL, V5 y V6, consensuado por dos observadores. El grupo 1 estuvo formado por 8.459 trazados normales: de ellos un 84 por ciento tenían un QTc normal y un 16 por ciento tenían un QTc prolongado. El grupo 2 consistió en 2.647 trazados con bloqueo completo de rama, 532 trazados con bloqueo completo de rama izquierda (BCRI) y 2.115 con bloqueo completo de rama derecha (BCRD). De los BCRI un 51,5 por ciento de los trazados tenían QTc prolongado, lo cual observamos sólo en un 25 por ciento de los trazados con BCRD. El grupo 3 estuvo conformado por 2.503 trazados con HVI, 377 por criterio de voltaje (grupo 3a), 1.083 por criterio de voltaje y alteración de repolarización (grupo 3b) y 1.043 HVI sólo por criterio de alteración de repolarización (grupo 3c). Un 28 por ciento de las HVI por criterio de voltaje (grupo 3a) y un 29 por ciento de HVI por alteración de repolarización (grupo 3c) tenían un QTc prolongado. De las HVI por voltaje y alteración de repolarización (grupo 3b) un 42 por ciento tenían QTc prolongado. De las HVI con QTc largo, un 7.6 por ciento tenían QTc > 500 mseg. Al desglosar las HVI por grupos el grupo 3a tenía 4,7 por ciento de los trazados con QTc largo > 500 mseg, el grupo 3b un 7,9 por ciento y el grupo 3c, un 8.3 por ciento. Conclusiones: Se concluye la alta prevalencia de QTc prolongado incluso en ECG con morfología normal, pero especialmente en BCRI y en HVI por voltaje más alteraciones de repolarización. La prolongación de QTc en BCR no mostró correlación con la ...

Background. Increased Q-T interval has been identified as a risk factor for ventricular arrhythmia including normal subjects. Aim. To establish the prevalence of an increased QTc in normal electrocardiograms (N) an in those with complete bundle branch block (RBBB or LBBB) or left ventricular hypertrophy (L VH). Method. D1, aVL, V5 and V6 leads were analyzed; a > 440ms QTC agreed upon by 2 observers was considered prolonged. Results: an increased QTc was observed in 16 percent> of 8459 N subjects, 51.5 percent> of subjects with LBBB and 25 percent of those with RBBB. Among subjects with LVH, 28 percent of those with voltage only criteria for LVH and 29 percent of those with ST-T changes but no voltage criteria had increased QTc. In contrast, 42 percent> of patients with LVH exhibiting both diagnostic criteria had increased QTc. In 7.6 percent> of LVH subjects with increased QTc, this interval was >500ms, which broke down as follows: LVH by voltage criteria alone 4.7 percent>, ST-T changes alone 7.9 percent > and LVH with both voltage and ST-T criteria 8.3 percent>. In patients with complete bundle branch block, the duration of the QRS interval was not related to QTc. Conclusion. A prolonged QTc is a frequent finding in normal ECGs, much more so in subjects with LVH associated to voltage and ST-T criteria. The prognostic impact of a prolonged QTc in patients with complete bundle branch block deserves further study.

Quiste broncogénico infantil / Infantile bronchogenic cyst

El quiste broncogénico es una anomalía congénita benigna del sistema embrionario y rara vez se diagnostica en el periodo de recién nacido. Se presenta el caso de un lactante de 10 meses hospitalizado por bronquiolitis moderada con tos, dificultad respiratoria, fiebre y vómitos causada por virus Influenza A. La radiografía de tórax mostró una imagen quística de gran tamaño en el pulmón derecho. Una vez recuperado de la bronquiolitis, se resecó quirúrgicamente. Se encontró un quiste localizado en el extremo superior del lóbulo inferior derecho que desplazaba el mediastino a izquierda y colapsaba los lóbulos medio y superior. La biopsia confirmó quiste pulmonar congénito con fibrosis cicatricial, hemorragia antigua e inflamación crónica inespecífica. El cultivo del líquido interior fue negativo. El lactante no ha vuelto a presentar síntomas respiratorios durante cuatro años después de la cirugía. Se analiza el origen, diagnóstico y manejo de los quistes broncogénicos en la infancia. Se enfatiza la importancia de la radiografía de tórax en niños con síntomas respiratorios.

Bronchogenic cysts are rarely diagnosed in the newborn period. It is a benign congenital anomaly of the embrionic system. We report the case of a 10 month old infant who was admitted to the hospital with a moderate bronchiolitis caused by influenza A, with cough, wheezing, fever and vomiting. Chest X-ray showed a large cyst in the right lung. He had a good evolution with only supportive measures. After recovery the cyst was removed. At surgery, the cyst was located superiorly in the right lower lobe, with left mediastinal shift and collapsed upper and middle lobes. Pathologic examination of the specimen revealed a congenital cyst with fibrosis, old hemorrhage and nonspecific inflammation. No bacterial growth was found. The infant has been symptom free during 4 years of follow-up. We review the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of bronchogenic cysts in childhood and emphasize the importance of chest radiographs in bronchiolitis and chronic cough.

Hernia diafragmática congénita: Reporte de un caso de presentación tardía / Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: report of a case with a late presentation

La Hernia Diafragmática Congénita (HDC) es un defecto simple del diafragma de etiología desconocida, con una incidencia de 1 por cada 2 200 a 2 400 nacidos vivos. Se presenta generalmente como un cuadro de distress respiratorio en el periodo neonatal con morbimortalidad importante, debido a grados variables de hipoplasia e hipertensión pulmonar. Los casos de presentación tardía oscilan entre 5 a 25 por ciento y se asocian a mejor pronóstico. Presentamos el caso de una lactante de 5 meses de edad a quien se le diagnostica una HDC derecha mediante radiografía de tórax y se revisa la patogenia, tratamiento y pronóstico de la enfermedad.

Análise das bulas de medicamentos fitoterápicos comercializados em Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil / Analysis of phytomedicines package inserts commercialized in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil

Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade das bulas de medicamentos fitoterápicos em relação à presença das frases obrigatórias por lei, bem como de informações específicas exigidas pela legislação de medicamentos fitoterápicos, foram selecionados 65 produtos em farmácias de Porto Alegre contendo pelo menos uma das seguintes plantas medicinais: maracujá, boldo, alcachofra, guaraná e sene. Através de um formulário, analisou-se a presença das frases exigidas pela Portaria 110/97 da ANVS, que regulamenta as bulas de medicamentos, e das informações exigidas pela Resolução RDC 17/00 da ANVS, sobre registro de medicamentos fitoterápicos. A maioria dos produtos analisados não possui bula, e em nenhum deles verificou-se a presença de todas a frases e demais informações exigidas pela legislação vigente. Especialmente significante foi a inexistência de dados sobre reações adversas, contra-indicações e advertências. Foi possível concluir que as bulas de medicamentos fitoterápicos analisados não seguem as normas legais, são incompletas e deficientes de informações, podendo induzir a sérios problemas de saúde.

Sixty-five products with one of the following medicinal plants: passion flower, boldus, artichoke, guarana and senne were acquired in drugstores of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. These products were analyzed in order to evaluate the quality of phytomedicines package inserts in relation to the obligatory informations required by the Brazilian drug legislation. Most of the products did not have package inserts, and none of them presented all informations required by the legislation. Furthermore, most of them omitted the potential occurrence of adverse effects, contra-indications and precautions. In conclusion, the analyzed package inserts did not followed the Brazilian drug regulation, were incomplete and showed deficiencies which can induce health consumer problems.

Manejo del hemangioma ulcerado / Management of ulcerated hemangioma

Los hemangiomas son los tumores más frecuentes de la infancia, con una incidencia estimada de 10 por ciento - 12 por ciento, ocurriendo la mayoría en infantes prematuros de menos de 1000 g. Durante la fase de crecimiento rápido, aproximadamente el 5 por ciento - 13 por ciento de los hemangiomas se ulcera. Las lesiones ulceradas son dolorosas, pueden sangrar y ser factor de riesgo para sobreinfecciones bacterianas, particularmente cuando se comprometen labios, genitales, la región perirrectal o pliegues. El manejo depende de la edad del paciente, localización, tamaño y etapa del crecimiento del hemangioma. Nosotros revisamos las diferentes modalidades terapéuticas del hemangioma y los cuidados locales de la herida cuando éste se ulcera.

Hemangiomas are the most common tumor of infancy, with an estimated incidence of 10-12 percent most often occurring in premature infants weighing less than 1000 grams. During the rapid growth phase approximately 5-13 percent of the hemangiomas ulcerate. Ulcerated lesions are painful, may bleed, and risk bacterial infection, particularly when the lips, genitalia, perirectal area or flexures are involved. Management depends on the age of the patient, location, size, and stage of the tumor. We review the different therapeutic modalities of hemangiomas, as well as local wound care when ulcerated.

Radiofrecuencia en dermatología: ventajas y desventajas / Radiofrequence in dermatology: advantages and disadvantages

La radiocirugía ha sido integrada fundamentalmente a todas las prácticas dermatológicas. El procedimiento es rápido, los resultados cosméticos en el postoperatorio son muy superiores, se obtiene una menor incomodidad para el paciente, una curación más rápida, menor infección y excelentes muestras histopatológicas. Por lo tanto, los médicos deben interesarse en continuar desarrollando esta valiosa y variada modalidad

Antioxidantes: mitos y realidades / Antioxidants: myths and reallity

La homeostasis de los seres vivos aeróbicos se ve constantemente amenazada por la formación de moléculas químicamente inestables y altamente reactivas llamadas radicales libres. Estos pueden generarse por agresores metabólicos endógenos (metabolismo celular) o exógenos, como el tabaco, el ozono y la radiación ultravioleta. Se les relaciona con una serie de condiciones patológicas, como la carcinogénesis, la aterosclerosis y el envejecimiento tisular. Los antioxidantes son sustancias que al interactuar con estos radicales libres previenen o demoran su acción deletérea. En la dieta se encuentran diversos compuestos que pueden contribuir a la modulación interna de los antioxidantes, apartándolos en forma directa o como cofactores. Es importante conocer estos antioxidantes dietarios, saber sus requerimientos mínimos y los potenciales riesgos por uso inapropiado

A two-year review of intestinal parasites in the Jos University Teaching Hospital patients

An analysis of stools samples examined during a period of two years; from January; 1988 to December; 1989 in Jos University Teaching Hospital was carried out. Of the 15634 people examined during this period; 6698 were males; while 8936 were females. Monoparasitism occured in 4364 persons; while polyparasitism occured in 240 persons. Several parasites were identified in these cases

Transmission of cytomegalovirus in the Gambia

One hundred and seventy-eight Gambian women in their late 3rd trimestrer plus babies born to them; and later on some 11 randomly selected CMV positive and 11 CMV negative infants with their mothers and siblings; were examinated serologically; and virologically for the evidence of cytomegalovirus infection with a view to determining who is infecting who and how; in this community. There was significant correlation between CMV positive infants and CMV infection in their siblings; whereas there was no such correlation between these infants and their CMV positive mothers

Tremores durante anestesia peridural: influência da temperatura do anestésico local e dos líquidos infundidos / Shivering during epidural anesthesia: influence of local anesthesic and intravenous fluids temperature

Avaliou-se 72 pacientes submetidos a cirurgias ginecológicas a eficácia do aquecimento de soluçöes de expansäo volêmica e do anestésico local, na profilaxia dos tremores durante anestesia peridural. As pacientes foram divididas em quatro grupos: grupo I (controle): anestésico local e líquidos infundidos à temperatura ambiente; grupo II: anestésico local à temperatura ambiente e líquidos infundidos a 37ºC; grupo III: anestésico local a 37º e líquidos infundidos à temperatura ambiente; grupo IV: anestésico local e líquidos infundidos a 37ºC. O aquecimento isolado da soluçäo de anestésico local ou das soluçöes empregadas para expansäo volêmica näo reduziu a incidência de tremores. Entretanto, a utilizaçäo de ambas as soluçöes aquecidas reduziu significativamente a incidência de tremores de 44,5 por cento para 11 por cento (p < 0,05)

Anestesia peridural torácica para cirurgias estéticas de mama ou mama e abdômen / Thoracic epidural anesthesia for cosmetic surgery of the breast combined or not with surgery of the abdomen

A eficácia do bloqueio peridural torácico (T8-T9; T9-T10) simples, associado a sedaçäo leve, foi avaliada em 80 pacientes do sexo feminino, submetidos a cirurgia estética de mama ou mama e abômen. Empregaram-se volumes de 20 a 25 ml de bupivacaína a 0,5% com epinefrina 1:200.000. A sedaçäo foi realizada com doses variadas de uma soluçäo contendo Innovar e flunitrazepam, em volume máximo de 1,3 ml e massa de 2,6 mg respectivamente. Ocorreram 27,5% de bradicardia e 45% de hipotensäo arterial, que responderam ao tratamento com atropina e vasopressor. O volume de soluçäo cirtalóide infundido foi em média de 2,5 litros. Em nenhums ocasiäo houve necessidade de transfusäo sangüínea. Observaram-se dois casos (2,5% ) de náuseas. A incidência de amnésia dos eventos transoperatórios foi de 71,25% . Nos casos de mamoplastia a alta hospitalar foi dada nas primeiras 24 h. Os resultados obtidos recomendam a técnica que deverá ser realizada em salas crúrgicas equipadas para prover monitorizaçäo e assistência cardioventilatória