A Comparative Study on Nutritional Status of Urban and Rural Early Adolescent School Girls of West Bengal, India.

Objectives: Adolescents remain largely neglected and especially girl from a deprived section in our society. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the nutritional status of early adolescent school girl from rural and urban areas. The study was, therefore, carried out to determine and compare the nutritional status of adolescent girl attending urban and rural secondary schools in Paschim Medinipur district of West Bengal, India. Methods: Cross-sectional data based on anthropometric measurements (height, weight) was collected from 2545 girls aged 10 to 14 years attending Govt. approved schools in Kharagpur town and Dantan-II block. The nutritional status has been assessed with the help of some anthropometric indices. The weight and height were recorded for each girl, and converted to nutritional indices (weightfor- age, height-for-height, BMI-for-age Z-scores of the National Center for Health Statistics reference standrads). Results: The mean nutritional indices (underweight, stunting and thinness) were found to be much lower among the rural girl than urban girl. The overall prevalent rates of underweight, stunting and thinness were 27.9%, 32.5% and 20.2% respectively. In the rural area these were 35.4%, 35.7% and 26.3%, while in the urban they were 19.6%, 29.0% and 13.6% respectively. Conclusions: The present study shows that undernutrition constituted major health problems among early adolescent school girls in rural areas of India. Hence, the special emphases are needed to formulate various developmental and healthcare programmes for rural communities to prevent undernutrition.

Yogic exercises and health – A psycho-neuro immunological approach.

Relaxation potential of yogic exercises seems to play a vital role in establishing psycho-physical health in reversing the psycho-immunology of emotions under stress based on breath and body awareness. However, mechanism of yogic exercises for restoring health and fitness components operating through psycho-neuro-immunological pathways is unknown. Therefore, a hybrid model of human information processing-psychoneuroendocrine (HIP-PNE) network has been proposed to reveal the importance of yogic information processing. This study focuses on two major pathways of information processing involving cortical and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HP A) interactions with a deep reach molecular action on cellular, neuro-humoral and immune system in reversing stress mediated diseases. Further, the proposed HIP-PNE model has ample of experimental potential for objective evaluation of yogic view of health and fitness.

The effects of clofazimine, niclosamide & amphotericin B, on electron transport of Leishmania donovani promastigotes.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: The study was undertaken to explore the locus of interaction of clofazimine and niclosamide which showed substantial growth inhibition property in Leishmania donovani promastigotes. METHODS: The uptake of final electron acceptor oxygen and 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) reduction in the electron transport chain were measured by constant volume Warburg respirometer and monitoring absorbance at 600 nm, respectively. Irreversibility of O2 uptake inhibition by clofazimine and niclosamide was determined by dilution of cell suspension followed by centrifugation. RESULTS: Clofazimine and niclosamide showed their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 33 and 150 micrograms/ml, respectively. Oxygen uptake inhibition by clofazimine and niclosamide was not reversed by removal of the drug by centrifugation. Rotenone, a potent inhibitor of mammalian electron transport chain showed no inhibition on the electron transport chain of L. donovani promastigotes. Cyanide at 1 mM concentration showed partial inhibition in L. donovani promastigotes. Oxygen uptake and DCPIP reduction by L. donovani promastigotes were highly sensitive to sulphhydryl group inhibitors. Strong inhibition of oxygen uptake (80-100%) by L. donovani promastigotes was achieved by clofazimine, niclosamide and amphotericin B. Amphotericin B failed to inhibit DCPIP reduction by L. donovani promastigotes, whereas DCPIP reduction was inhibited by clofazimine and niclosamide, respectively. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: DCPIP reduction was mediated by transplasma membrane electron transport as evidenced by its inhibition with membrane impermeable quinone 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulphonic acid (NQSA). Transplasma membrane electron transport requires b-cytochromes and sulphhydryl groups for its function and was inhibited by clofazimine and niclosamide.

Effect of selected yogic practices on the management of hypertension.

On the basis of medical officers diagnosis, thirty three (N = 33) hypertensives, aged 35-65 years, from Govt. General Hospital, Pondicherry, were examined with four variables viz, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate and body weight. The subjects were randomly assigned into three groups. The exp. group-I underwent selected yoga practices, exp. group-II received medical treatment by the physician of the said hospital and the control group did not participate in any of the treatment stimuli. Yoga imparted in the morning and in the evening with 1 hr/session. day-1 for a total period of 11-weeks. Medical treatment comprised drug intake every day for the whole experimental period. The result of pre-post test with ANCOVA revealed that both the treatment stimuli (i.e., yoga and drug) were effective in controlling the variables of hypertension.

Recovery from stress in two different postures and in Shavasana--a yogic relaxation posture.

The recovery from induced physiological stress in Shavasana (a yogic relaxation posture) and two other postures (resting in chair and resting supine posture) was compared. Twenty one males and 6 females (age 21-30 yrs) were allowed to take rest in one of the above postures immediately after completing the scheduled treadmill running. The recovery was assessed in terms of Heart Rate (HR) and Blood pressure (BP). HR and BP were measured before and every two minutes after the treadmill running till they returned to the initial level. The results revealed that the effects of stress was reversed in significantly (P < 0.01) shorter time in Shavasana, compared to the resting posture in chair and a supine posture.

Body composition, cardiovascular endurance and anaerobic power of yogic practitioner.

Forty male high school students, age 12-15 yrs, participated for a study of yoga in relation to body composition, cardiovascular endurance and anaerobic power. Ths Ss were placed into two subsets viz., yoga group and control group. Body composition, cardiovascular endurance anaerobic power were measured using standard method. The duration of experiment was one year. The result of ANCOVA revealed that a significant improvement in ideal body weight, body density, cardiovascular endurance and anaerobic power was observed as a result of yoga training. This study could not show significant change in body fat (midaxillary), skeletal diameters and most of the body circumferences. It was evident that some of the fat-folds (tricep, subscapular, suprailiac, umbilical, thigh and calf) and body circumferences (waist, umbilical and hip) were reduced significantly.