Reactivación de glomerulonefritis lúpica en asociación temporal con vacunas anti SARS-CoV-2 / Relapse of lupus nephritis in temporal association with anti SARS-CoV-2 vaccination

Resumen Debido el alto impacto sanitario que causó el nuevo coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, se procedió al rápido desarrollo e implementación de vacunas en un intento de disminuir su transmisibilidad y las formas graves de la COVID 19. La aprobación de estas vacunas se basó en una adecuada relación riesgo/beneficio, sin embargo, en el año 2021 no disponíamos de sub-estudios en poblaciones especiales; entre ellas, pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES). Presentamos dos casos de brote de glomerulonefritis lúpica luego de la inmunización contra SARS-CoV-2 dado por el primer componente de Sputnik V y Sinopharm. Ambas pacientes se encontraban en remisión completa con tratamiento de mantenimiento en dosis estables de micofenolato y libre de glucocorticoides. El brote de glomerulonefritis se presentó con aumento de relación proteinuria/creati ninuria y anticuerpos anti ADN positivos sin otros hallazgos acompañantes de relevancia. En ambas pacientes se reinició prednisona (20 y 10 mg/día en caso 1 y 2, respectivamente) y se aumentó la dosis de micofenolato (de 1.5 g/día a 2.0 g/día y de 1.08 a 1.44 g/día de micofenolato sódico en caso 1 y 2, respectivamente) con remisión completa del cuadro. Estos casos son de relevancia ya que introducen una posible asociación entre las diferentes plataformas vacunales anti SARS-CoV-2 y reactivación del LES, a la vez de sugerir la necesidad de un control estrecho en el período post-vacunal en esta población de pacientes.

Abstract During the past two years we have witness a tremendous worldwide health crisis imposed by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This situation led to the urgent development and implementation of vac cines in an attempt to decrease not only the SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility but also the severe forms of CO VID-19. Although these vaccines were approved based on an adequate benefit-risk ratio, at the moment of their implementation in 2021 we did not have sub-studies in special populations; patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) among them. We describe two cases of lupus nephritis flare following the immunization against SARS-CoV-2 with the first component of Sputnik V and Sinopharm. Both patients were in complete remission on maintenance therapy with mycophenolate and without glucocorticoids. The flare presented with an increased protein/creatinine ratio in urine and positive anti-DNA antibodies without other relevant ac companying findings. After treatment with prednisone (20 y 10 mg/day in case 1 and 2, respectively) and an increased dose of mycophenolate (from 1.5 g/day to 2.0 g/dayand 1.08 to 1.44 g/día of sodic mycophenolate in case 1 y 2, respectively) both patients regained renal remission. These cases are of relevance as they intro duce a possible association between the different anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine platforms and SLE flares; at the same time to suggest the need for close control in the post vaccination period in this population of patients.

Prevalencia de dislipemia y riesgo cardiovascular elevado en pacientes con artritis reumatoide / Prevalence of dyslipidemia and elevated cardiovascular risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Los objetivos del estudio fueron comparar la frecuencia de riesgo cardiovascular (CV) elevado y dislipemia (DLP) en pacientes con artritis reumatoide (AR) y en controles, identificar variables de la enfermedad asociadas a DLP y estimar el porcentaje de pacientes con AR medicados para DLP. Estudio de corte transversal que incluyó 409 pacientes con AR y 624 controles. El riesgo CV se determinó con las clasificaciones NCEP y SCORE modificados por European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR). Para DLP se utilizó la definición de Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III). La frecuencia de riesgo CV elevado fue similar en pacientes con AR y controles excepto cuando fue definida por NCEP-EULAR (7% vs. 2%; p = 0.00002). La DLP fue encontrada en el 43% de los pacientes con AR y en el 47% de los controles (p = 0.15). Los pacientes con AR y DLP tuvieron más manifestaciones extra-articulares (36% vs. 24%; p = 0.01) y mayor velocidad de sedimentación globular (VSG) (21 (13-35) vs. 18 (10-30) mm; p = 0.003). El tratamiento recibido para DLP varió según la definición utilizada (11% a 32%). Se encontró mayor riesgo CV en los pacientes con AR solo cuando se definió por NCEP- EULAR. Los pacientes con AR y DLP tuvieron mayor VSG y manifestaciones extra-articulares. La mayoría de los pacientes con AR y DLP no estaban recibiendo tratamiento hipolipemiante.

The objectives of this study were to compare the frequency of dyslipidemia (DLP) and the elevated cardiovascular risk between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and a control group, to identify disease-related factors associated with the presence of DLP and to estimate the frequency of RA patients receiving treatment for DLP. This is a cross sectional study that included 409 RA patients and 624 controls. Cardiovascular (CV) risk was determined using the Framingham score, National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) and the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) adapted versions according to the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) guidelines. DLP was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII). The frequency of CV risk was similar in RA patients and controls, except when NCEP-EULAR adapted version for RA was applied (7% vs. 2%; p = 0.00002). A 43% of patients and 47% of controls had DLP (p = 0.15). RA patients with DLP tended to have extra-articular manifestations more frequently (36% vs. 24%; p = 0.01) and higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (21 [13-35] vs. 18 [10-30] mm; p = 0.003). RA patients treated for DLP varied between 11% and 32% according to the definition used. Patients with RA showed an elevated CV risk only when the NCEP-EULAR definition was used. Among RA patients, those with higher ESR and the presence of extra-articular manifestations were more likely to show DLP. The vast majority of patients were not receiving treatment for DLP.

Sonoanatomía del hombro / Sonoanatomy of the shoulder

El ultrasonido (US) musculoesquelético es una técnica de exploración cada vez más utilizada en la patología reumatológica, ya que permite de manera inocua, cómoda, dinámica, a bajo costo y con una gran sensibilidad explorar en tiempo real un área anatómica como el hombro. La técnica ha sido progresivamente adoptada por los clínicos desde hace unos 10 años. Las razones son esencialmente prácticas: siendo el US una prolongación del examen físico, permite al clínico realizar una correlación entre imágenes y sintomatología inmediata, optimizando en tiempos y eficacia el manejo del paciente. Su calidad es operador-dependiente; por esta razón necesita de un aprendizaje, un buen conocimiento de la anatomía, un entrenamiento prolongado y reconocimiento de sus limitaciones (en relación al equipo, al paciente o al operador mismo). En muchos países es parte ya de la formación del reumatólogo como especialista.

Musculoskeletal ultrasound scanning is a technique increasingly used in rheumatic diseases since it allows to safely, comfortably, dynamic, low-cost and highly sensitive real time scan an anatomical area like the shoulder. The technique has been incorporated into rheumatology practice for just over 10 years. The reasons are essentially practical: as the ultrasound an extension of the physical examination allows the clinician to correlate images and immediate symptoms, optimizing time and effectiveness in patient management. Their quality is operator dependent, therefore learning needs, a good knowledge of anatomy, extended training and recognition of its limitations (in relation to the team, the patient or the operator itself). In many countries is now of training as a specialist rheumatologist.

Nodulosis pulmonar reumatoidea resistente a etanercep / Resistant rheumatoid lung Nodulosis etanercep

La nodulosis reumatoidea es una manifestacion extra-articular de la artritis reumatoidea (AR). El 20-30 por ciento de los pacientes con aR presentan nodulos, mas a menudo de localizacion subcutanea. La prevalencia de nodulos pulmonares es del 1 porciento o 22 porciento segun se evalue al paciente con radiografia o tomografia axial computada (TAC) de alta resolucion. Se desconoce cual es el mejor tratamiento de la nodulosis reumatoidea. Si bien la eficacia de los antagonistas del factor de necrosis tumoral alfa, sobre los sintomas articulares en pacientes con AR ha sido bien demostrada en diversos estudios clinicos y en la practica asistencial, la repuesta de la nodulosis reumatoidea frente a estos compuestos ha sido evaluada. Por otro lado, cuando la nodulosis reumatoidea pulmonar aparece o se cavita en un paciente tratado con meicamentos biologicos dirigido contra el factor de necrosis tumural alfa, es necesarios descartar diagnosticos diferenciales tales como infecciones oportunistas y cences.

Manifestaciones mucocutaneas en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistÚmico / Mucocutaneous lesions in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

The objective was to analyze the prevalence of mucocutaneous lesions in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). During a 3-year period, we analyzed 77 patients with a diagnosis of SLE. The mucocutaneous lesions were classified into specific and non-specific. We defined skin type, sunlight exposure and photoprotection and correlated these lesions with serology and disease activity. Acute specific lesions were found in 67.5 of the patients, subacute lupus in 6.5 and chronic lesions in 26.0. The most prevalent non-specific lesions were alopecia (59.7), photosensitivity (57.1), Raynaud's syndrome (46.7), oral ulcerations (15.6) and livedo reticularis (11.7). Skin type 3 (35) and exposure to mild ultraviolet radiation (74) were seen in the majority of the patients. Appropriate sunlight protection was only used by 47 of the patients. When dermatological lesions and serology were compared, we found a significant association between malar rash, photosensitivity, livedo reticularis and alopecia with the presence of anti-Ro and Raynaud's phenomenon in patients with positive anti-Sm. The presence of malar rash, photosensitivity, Raynaud's phenomenon, diffuse alopecia and livedo reticularis was more frequent among patients with active disease. The prevalence of mucocutaneous manifestation in our population was slightly higher than data reported in other series. The presence of malar rash, diffuse alopecia, photosensitivity and livedo reticularis significantly related with the presence of anti-Ro and Raynaud's phenomenon with anti-Sm. All these lesions were more frequently seen in patients with active disease

Poliartritis y tenosinovitis grave por Streptococcus agalactiae en un paciente con hipoesplenia funcional / Severe polyarthritis and tenosynovitis due to Streptococcus agalactiae in a patient with functional hyposplenia

Cases of arthritis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae are infrequent and in our knowledge there are no case reports of tenosynovitis caused by S. agalactiae. A 46-year-old woman presented with fever, polyarthralgia, myalgia, diarrhea and vomiting. She had a history of papillary thyroid carcinoma and functional hyposplenia. She was febrile, with arthritis in hands, wrists, elbows, right shoulder and left ankle joints, and presented tenosynovitis in both feet and left hand. Blood and right olecranon bursa sample cultures were positive for S. agalactiae. An ultrasound scan made at the musculus tibialis anterior of left foot revealed signs of tenosynovitis. She was treated with intravenous cefazolin for 20 days and oral cefuroxime for 12 days. The joint involvement completely subsided in 60 days. Streptococcus agalactiae can cause, infrequently, a polyarthritis and tenosynovitis syndrome similar to disseminated gonococcal infection