Positive synergistic impacts of greenhouse temperature and manure driven total environment on breeding success of Tilapia during winter

Global warming and climate change are though known for widespread negative impacts, they do have beneficial as well, but are less known. Here, we studied the interactive impacts of greenhouse mediated raised temperature and manure driven decomposition-cum-total environment on reproductive success of cichlid fish tilapia. Fishes were kept in holding tanks (300 L) placed inside and outside the solar heated structure (modular green house) using identical and comparable doses of organic manure in triplicate during the winter. The manure selected were: (a) cattle manure and saw dust; (b) poultry droppings and saw dust; (c) vermicompost and saw dust; (d) mixed manure with cattle manure, poultry droppings, vermicompost and saw dust; isocarbonic states maintained with (e) vermicompost, and (f) with poultry droppings. Equal number of adult male (8) and female (8) tilapia (1:1) were introduced per tank and reared for 90 days. Water and sediment samples were collected weekly and analyzed for different parameters. Net increment of body weight and production of fry per tank were recorded. Survival of fish was about 10% higher under greenhouse condition compared to ambient air temperature outside. The synergistic effects of manure driven water quality-food resource complex and temperature appeared to be more important than the impact of temperature alone in selecting the treatment that developed the total benign environment and induced tilapia to spawn during winter. The carbon burial rate dependent soil organic carbon had been significantly increased as a consequence of greenhouse effect.

Storage induced changes in coliform, heterotrophic groups of bacteria and nutrient levels of human urine for its safe use in biological production.

Human urine is a potential source of various nutrients, minerals and trace elements. Its use as a fertilizer is growing popular among farmers. Here, we examined the pattern of changes in the counts of coliform, heterotrophic bacteria as well as physico-chemical characteristics of human urine during different days of storage under closed conditions at ambient temperature. We observed that after 253 days of storage under closed condition, the coliform counts were reduced significantly and remained within the safe limit to be used as fertilizer. With increase in storage period, the concentration of phosphate showed decline coupled with rise in pH, alkalinity and electrical conductance. Our study revealed that human urine can be used as safe fertilizer after 8 months of storage under closed conditions at ambient temperature ranging 25-35ºC.