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Background: India has one of the highest TB burden globally. Children contribute a significant proportion of TB burden, in whom the diagnosis can be challenging because many childhood diseases mimic TB. Therefore, a high index of suspicion is required for early diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis to prevent poor outcome. Objectives was to evaluate the prevalence and profile of childhood tuberculosis cases and to determine the risk factorsMethods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of 6 months at a hospital in north India and the prevalence and profile of the children admitted with the clinical suspicion of tuberculosis was studied. Case specific diagnostic approach was used for diagnosis and the appropriate treatment was instituted.Results: The prevalence of childhood TB was 2.3% among hospitalized children. Of these, 66.5% were males and 33.49% were females. The majority of cases were more than 8 years. The history of contact was present only in 31.1%. Tuberculin skin test was positive in 53.11%. Pulmonary tuberculosis was the most common type of childhood tuberculosis (45.45%) followed by neurological tuberculosis (42.8%), abdominal tuberculosis (6.45%), tuberculous lymphadenitis (2.63%), others (2.61%). Malnutrition was a potent contributing factor present in 91.86%. The mortality rate observed in the study was 9.56%.Conclusions: Owing to the high burden of tuberculosis among pediatric population in India, there is an alarming need to develop more economical and advanced diagnostic methods for better patient management and above all there is urgent need of the hour to educate the masses about the transmission and risk factors for this disease.
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Background: The measurement of body temperature is an important parameter in neonatal care as it is useful in the assessment of clinical state and necessary for the provision of appropriate nursing support. Hypothermia is one of the important risk factor in causing death in newborns of all weight and gestational age groups. Aim and objectives: To compare rectal, infra red tympanic and infra red skin temperature in term neonates and to assess the accuracy and effectiveness of these non invasive thermometers in term neonates. Materials and methods: It was a Hospital based prospective, non randomized study conducted at Department of Pediatrics in G.B Pant Hospital (neonatology section) an associated Hospital of GMC Srinagar. This study was conducted over a period of 1 year from April 2013 to march 2014. Results: Total of 300 term neonates between the age of 1- 29 days were included in the study. Mean temperature recorded with rectal thermometer was 36.58 0C, with Infra red tympanic thermometer was 36.47 0 C and with Infra red skin thermometer was 36.55 0C. Difference between means of rectal and Infra red tympanic thermometer was statistically significant (P=0.015) and difference between means of rectal and Infra red skin thermometer was statistically not significant (P = 0.18). Coefficient of correlation between rectal and tympanic was 0.772 and between rectal and skin was 0.955 which was statistically significant in both (P valve < 0.001). Conclusion: Non contact Infra red skin thermometer is a very simple, safe and reliable method for measurement of body temperature in neonates. It can be used in peripheral settings as it is user friendly as well as patient friendly
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Aim: The key virulent factors of bacteria are enzymes. Urease and collagenase enzyme play a vital role in pathogenesis of wide array of bacterial strains and cause numerous diseases. So the aim of present study was to find out the potent drug candidate from Emblica officinalis Gaertn. fruit for these pathogenically important enzymes. Study Design: A study was done to screen out the bacteria producing urease and collagenase from a stack of 19 bacterial strains and the positive strains were checked for their susceptibility to methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Emblica officinalis Gaertn. fruit. Further extracts were investigated for their potential to antagonize these enzymes. Place and duration of study: Department of Biotechnology KUK, Jwahar Lal University, Delhi between February 2012 and December 2013. Methodology: Screening of bacteria and their susceptibility to methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of E. officinalis was done by using agar diffusion assay. Further investigation of extracts to antagonize urease and collagenase enzymes was checked by using phenol hypochlorite and gelatin diffusion assay respectively. GC-MS analysis, docking and ADME studies were conducted to screen for plant-based urease and collagenase inhibitors. Results: Methanol extract inhibited Jack bean urease enzyme (IC50:0.74 mg/ml) more potently than collagenase Type 1 (IC50:1.13 mg/ml), while ethyl acetate extract inhibited collagenase completely (IC50:4.19 mg/ml) and was observed to be more effective than methanol extract (IC50:5.51 mg/ml). GC-MS analysis revealed an array of 28 and 30 compounds in methanol and ethyl acetate extract respectively. In silico study identified xylenol and erucylamide as active compounds of E. officinalis having good binding score with better ADME properties compared to standard compounds. Conclusion: So our observations find application for the consideration of E. officinalis compounds for further validation towards development of effective drugs against these significant bacterial enzymes.
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Aims: The study was aimed to evaluate the antibacterial, synergistic and β-lactamase inhibitory potential of O. indicum against ampicillin resistant and Extended Spectrum β- lactamase (ESBL) producing bacterial strains. Methods: Bacterial strains were screened for ampicillin resistance and ESBL production by disk diffusion method and modified double disc synergy test respectively. Antibacterial and synergistic activities of O. indicum methanol extract and ethyl acetate sub fraction of methanol extract were explored by agar well diffusion method and Checkerboard method respectively. Extracts were subjected to Gas chromatography and Mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis to identify the bioactive compounds. Molecular docking studies were carried out to verify the β-lactamase inhibitory potential of the bioactive compounds. Results: All bacterial strains were found to be resistant to ampicillin and only one strain was detected as ESBL positive. Ethyl acetate sub fraction exhibited strong antibacterial and synergistic activity than the methanol extract. Zone of inhibition and Minimum inhibitory concentration for ethyl acetate sub fraction was 16 mm and 15mg/ml respectively. In vitro interactions between plant extracts and ampicillin evaluated in terms of fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indices revealed synergistic effects of plant extracts. The molecular docking studies of major bioactive compounds depicted by GCMS analysis revealed that Wogonin, a flavonoid (GLIDE Score-5.77) possessed the best inhibitory profile against β–lactamase. Conclusion: Synergistic activity of O. indicum may be attributed to the β–lactamase inhibitory potential of the bioactive compounds present in the extract. The findings provide substantial basis for the future use of O. indicum crude extracts as potential antibacterial and antibiotic modulating agent.