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Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) presents a growing global health concern, characterized by the accumulation of hepatic lipids in the absence of significant alcohol consumption. Its prevalence has surged worldwide, including in India, where it has reached alarming levels. Despite its silent progression, NAFLD can lead to severe complications, including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Objectives of the study to assess prevalence and its associated factors, which are essential for effective management and prevention strategies. Methods: An observational, analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, from June to July 2022. Among 100 subjects, chosen through the simple random sampling. Ethical approval was granted before conducting study. Data on demographics, lifestyle risk factors, anthropometry, and ultrasound findings were collected using a pretested and validated case record form. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS software, employing appropriate tests to explore associations between NAFLD and various variables. Results: Among 100 participants, the prevalence of NAFLD was found to be 41%. Significant associations were observed between NAFLD and variables such as BMI (p=0.034), waist-hip ratio (p=0.002), and history of diabetes mellitus (p=0.000). Lifestyle factors, including increased cooking oil consumption, were identified as significant risk factors. Conclusions: The study highlights the high prevalence of NAFLD among subjects undergoing ultrasound abdomen in Kakinada. Significant associations were observed with BMI, waist-hip ratio, and diabetes mellitus history. Promoting healthy behaviours is crucial for NAFLD prevention and management.
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Background: Transgender (TG) is a term used to define individuals with a gender identity that is incongruent with the gender identity accorded to them at birth. Over the last two decades, health research on TGs has focused mainly on their sexual practices, leading to lack of information on their health problems and healthcare-seeking behaviour beyond STDs /HIV. The current study aimed to gain insight into the health status of TGs. Methods: A community based cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in transgenders living in an urban area from December 2022 to January 2023 with a sample size of 160. Snowball sampling technique was used till the sample size was achieved. Data was collected using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Data was entered and analysed in MS Excel with descriptive statistics. Results: Majority of the study subjects belonged to 20-30 years of age. 43% were illiterates, 87% were living in rented houses. 89% screened for HIV in last 6 months, 57% underwent gender reassignment surgery. All study subjects gave history of suffering from STIs at least once, 11.9% were experienced STDs in past 1 year. 6.9% were tested positive for HIV and were on regular ART. 23.1% were diagnosed with anyone of NCD. First point care is contacting outreach worker in 58.8% of TGs. Conclusions: A more receptive attitude from the entire healthcare system is essential for improving the health status of this community. The inclusiveness promoted by universal health coverage will help each of these people's health statuses improve.
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Background: Substance abuse is an emerging disorder of global concern. In India about 14.6% of the population (between 10 and 75 year of age) uses alcohol. Also, 28.6 percent (266.8 million) of adults in India, aged 15 and above currently use tobacco in some form. Youth period is an important transition period where students may begin to consume alcohol, tobacco, and other substances. Methods: A Qualitative approach using systematic methods i.e., Free listing & Pile sorting, Conducted among third professional year students in a Medical College of North coast Andhra Pradesh. Analysed by Cultural domain analysis using Visual Anthropac Pile sort version1.0.1.36 based on salience scores. Results: A total of 13 medical students were included. Among them 9 (69%) were females and 4(31%) were males. Stress was found to be the major cause for substance abuse with salience score of 0.418, followed by peer pressure (0.402). The solutions for among them parental guidance is the best solution for substance abuse with highest salience score of 0.412, followed by awareness about consequences (0.409). Conclusions: Our study reveals that it is necessary to bring positive behavioural changes through adoption of comprehensive interventions, counselling methods and health education in medical universities.
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Background: World Health Organization on March 11, 2020 announced, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as pandemic. It has affected nearly every nation with remarkable alterations on everyday life. COVID-19 has had heartfelt impact on the medical education worldwide. Closure of the medical schools and universities has disturbed the education of future health professionals. During this pandemic, most educational institutions have opted for online education to protect their students. Online education has been gaining encouragement in almost all countries around the world. This coincides with the recently introduced competency-based medical education in India which has adopted online education. This created a new challenge for the institutions involved, the instructors and the students since they must adapt quickly to this new mode of learning. Methods: A Qualitative approach using Systematic methods (Free listing and Pile sorting) was done among postgraduate students during the month of September 2021. A total of 32 postgraduates were included in the study. Results: A total of 32 postgraduates were included. Among them 23 (72%) were females and 9 (28%) were males. According to salience score, effects of COVID on medical education in postgraduates� perspective in decreasing order are loss of academics, reduced clinical exposure, less student teacher interaction. One positive effect is new era of E-learning. Pile sorting resulted into two piles academic loss and technical issues. Conclusion: COVID-19 has created a lot of impact on medical education creating psychological stress more due to online education and academics are hampered due to COVID duties.