Exosomes as Biomarker of Cancer

ABSTRACT Rapid advances in medicine and biotechnology resulted in the development of non-invasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers enabling convenient and accurate detection. Exosomes has recently emerged as non-invasive biomarker for a number of diseases including cancer. Exosomes are the small endosome originated membranous vesicles secreted in a number of biological fluids such as serum, saliva, urine, ascites, cerebrospinal fluid, etc. Exosomes contain microRNA proteins and mRNA which can be used as disease specific biomarkers. Here we reviewed recent advancement in the field of exosomes as diagnostic biomarker for cancer along with a brief overview of their biogenesis, function and isolation.

Screening of leaves extracts from Calamus aromaticus for their antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion assay

The current research investigates the anti-microbial activities of different solvent extracted samples from the leaves of Calamus aromaticus against Gram positive, Gram negative bacteria and fungi using 500, 1000 and 2000 micro g disc[-1] concentrations. Escherichia coli, Citorbacter freundii and Candida albicans showed resistivity to crude methanolic extract and the same microbes were more susceptible to water extracted fractions. Maximum activity was measured by hexane extracted fractions against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Xanthomonas campestris and minimum growth inhibition by water extracted fractions. Maximum growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus was measured by ethyl acetate fraction. Majority of the tested microbes were resistant to water and butanol extracted fractions. Staphylococcus aureus revealed maximum susceptibility among gram positive bacteria and Bacillus subtilis showed minimum. Among Gram negative bacteria, Citorbacter freundii was more susceptibile while Xanthomonas campestris revealed resistively