A bayesian network perspective on an attributional model of reactions toward people with HIV / Atribuições de causalidade sobre as pessoas vivendo com HIV: perspectiva de uma análise Bayesiana

Abstract. Objetive. Attributional theory has been widely studied to understand the overall perceptions regarding people suffering from negative events such as an HIV infection. The aim of the present study is to test the overall attribution model and its influence on the willingness to help, considering emotional reactions related to an HIV-infected individual. Method. We used a Bayesian network to analyze the association between attributions of causality (blame, responsibility, and control), willingness to help, and emotional reactions (anger and sympathy) toward an HIV-infected patient. Three hundred and fifty-eight individuals participated in the study. Results. Using the overall model, we found two different results: Anger contributed to the cognitive processes of attribution, and sympathy contributed to the behavioral willingness to help the patient.

Resumo. Objetivo. A teoria de atribuição de causalidade tem sido amplamente estudada para compreender percepções a respeito de pessoas que sofrem o impacto de eventos negativos em saúde como uma infecção por HIV. O objetivo deste estudo é testar o modelo de atribuição e seu impacto em intenção de ajudar, considerando as reações emocionais direcionadas à um indivíduo que vive com HIV. Método. Utilizamos um panorama bayesiano para analisar a associação entre atribuições de causalidade (culpa, responsabilidade e controle), intenção de ajudar e reações emocionais (raiva e simpatia) no que diz respeito a um paciente com HIV. Trezentos e cinquenta e oito indivíduos participaram deste estudo. Resultados. A partir do modelo utilizado, encontramos dois resultados diferentes: raiva contribuiu ao processo cognitivo de atribuição e a emoção simpatia contribuiu ao processo comportamental de intenção de ajudar.

Psychological distress among transgender people in Brazil: frequency, intensity and social causation - an ICD-11 field study

Objective: To describe self-reported experiences of gender incongruence related to discomfort and body changes to be more congruent to the desired gender, and to examine whether experiences of psychological distress related to gender identity were more strongly related to the experience of gender incongruence per se or to experiences of social rejection. Methods: This field study used a structured interview design in a purposive sample of transgender adults (aged >18 years or older) receiving health-care services in two main reference centers in Brazil. Results: A high proportion of participants (90.3%, n=93) reported experiencing psychological distress related to their gender identity and report having experienced social rejection related to their gender identity during the interview index period and that rejection by friends was the only significant predictor for psychological distress. Conclusions: Gender incongruence variables were not significant predictors of distress. This result supports the recent changes proposed by the Word Health Organization in ICD-11 to move transgender conditions from the Mental and Behavioral Disorders chapter to a new chapter on Sexual Disorders and Conditions Related to Sexual Health.

Gender incongruence: a comparative study using ICD-10 and DSM-5 diagnostic criteria

Objective: To compare the presence of criteria listed in the DSM-5 and ICD-10 diagnostic manuals in a Brazilian sample of transgender persons seeking health services specifically for physical transition. Methods: This multicenter cross-sectional study included a sample of 103 subjects who sought services for gender identity disorder in two main reference centers in Brazil. The method involved a structured interview encompassing the diagnostic criteria in the two manuals. Results: The results revealed that despite theoretical disagreement about the criteria, the manuals overlap regarding diagnosis confirmation; the DSM-5 was more inclusive (97.1%) than the ICD-10 (93.2%) in this population. Conclusions: Although there is no consensus on diagnostic criteria on transgenderism in the diversity of social and cultural contexts, more comprehensive diagnostic criteria are evolving due to society's increasing inclusivity.