Management of voiding dysfunction after anti-incontinence operation / 대한산부인과학회지

With the increasing number of surgery for incontinence, voiding dysfunction after anti-incontinence surgery will continue to be a problem. The patient with postoperative voiding dysfunction may present with primarily storage symptoms or voiding symptoms, or a combination of both. Detailed knowledge of the preoperative voiding status may aid in the diagnosis of voiding dysfunction. Diagnosis is based on history, physical examination, urinalysis and postvoid residual volume, but additional informations from urodynamic study and cystoscopy are useful. Patients with postoperative voiding dysfunction should be initially treated conservatively with intermittent or continuous catheterization, fluid restriction, anticholinergics and pelvic floor physiotherapy. When conservative treatment fails, surgical intervention should be done. It is important to distinguish between midurethral sling and other procedures because the timing and type of intervention vary. In case of midurethral sling, loosening or cutting the tape has had excellent results. Prevention of obstruction during surgery may be the best way to avoid reoperation.

The Effects of Maternal Age on Outcome of Pregnancy in Healthy Elderly Primipara / 대한주산의학회잡지

PURPOSE:To investigate the pregnancy outcomes associated with delayed first childbearing METHODS:We evaluated retrospectively the clinical characteristics and pregnancy outcomes in primiparous mothers who delivered a fetus after more than 21 weeks of gestation in our hospital from January 2001 to December 2008. We enrolled only healthy primiparous mothers who have no underlying cardiovascular disease, hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy and overt or gestational diabetes to remove the confounding factors which influence the pregnancy outcomes. Finally, 235 mothers aged 35 years and above and 1571 mothers aged 20~34 years were included in the study and the control groups, respectively. RESULTS:There were no differences in gestational age and birth weight between two groups. There was significantly higher incidence of cesarean section in the study group. (60.4% vs 39.4%, P= 0.000) The incidence of previous uterine operation history and placenta previa which were the indications of cesarean section were higher in the study group (3.0% vs 0.2%, P=0.000, 9.4% vs 5.2%, P=0.011). Antepartum and postpartum complications with the significantly higher incidence rates in study group were placenta previa and uterine myoma (6.0% vs 2.8%, P=0.010, 4.7% vs 1.2%, P=0.000) and wound complications (1.7% vs 0.3%, P=0.005), respectively. On the other hand, the neonatal outcomes and other antepartum/postpartum complications, such as the incidence of preterm labor, PROM and postpartum bleeding, of two groups were comparable (no significant differences were noted). CONCLUSION:Although incidence of placenta previa, cesarean section, uterine myoma and wound complication were higher in healthy old primiparous mothers, no differences were noted in neonatal outcomes compared to the young primiparous mothers. We conclude that elderly primiparous pregnancy in woman should not be considered as a high risk pregnancy on the basis of age alone.

Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of thoracoabdominal cavernous lymphangioma: A case report / 대한산부인과학회지

Lymphangiomas are congenital anomalies of the lymphatic system in which abnormal lymphatic channels are localized to form a benign mass. Lymphangiomas are classified into 3 types: simple, cavernous, and cystic (=cystic hygroma). Mixed forms may coexist. Cavernous lymphangiomas are very rare variants and characterized by penetration through the subcutaneous area between the muscular septa. Lymphangiomas are typically presented in the head, neck and axillary region, while cavernous lymphangiomas most commonly occur in the thorax or retroperitoneum. Although there are many papers about the cystic hygroma, a few cases of fetal thoracoabdominal cavernous lymphangioma have been reported. Accurate prenatal diagnosis and anatomical evaluation are important for delivery planning and prompt postnatal resuscitation. The anomaly was assessed by two dimensional (2D), three dimensional (3D), and real-time multiplanar four dimensional (4D) ultrasound. This case report confirms the usefulness of the 3D, real-time multiplanar 4D ultrasound to assess the mass extension and relationship with adjacent structures. We present a case of fetal thoracoabdominal cavernous lymphangioma diagnosed by 2D, 3D, real-time multiplanar 4D ultrasound with brief review of literatures.

A Clinical Study on 570 Cases of Laparoscopy Assisted Vaginal Hysterectomy (LAVH) / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical outcome and characteristics of laparoscopy assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH) in gynecologic patients. METHODS: From September, 2001 to February, 2004, total 570 cases of patients were performed LAVH at Gacheon medical school Ghil Hospital. We reviewed medical records and analyzed these cases about age, parity, weight, previous surgery history, operation indication, operation outcome, duration of hospitalization and complication. RESULTS: The results of this study summarized as follows. The mean age of patients was 46.4 +/- 7.2 years old. Average parity of patients was 2.4 +/- 1.4. Average weight of patients was 63.4 +/- 8.2 kg. Previous operation history was 195 cases (34.2%). Most common operation indication was uterine leiomyoma, followed by adenomyosis, combination of leiomyoma and adenomyosis and endometriosis. The mean operation time was 72 +/- 20.6 minutes. The mean duration of hospitalization was 4.5 +/- 0.6 days. The major complication of operation was trocar site bleeding, followed by bladder injury, bowel injury, and ureteral injury. CONCLUSION: LAVH is safe and useful. So it is recommendable to gynecologic patients.

The Peripartum Prognosis of Amnioinfusion in Oligohydramnios without Preterm Premature Rupture of Membrane / 대한주산의학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the peripartum efficiency of amnioinfusion in oligohydramnios without preterm premature rupture of membrane. METHODS: 73 singleton pregnant women with oligohydramnios were enrolled in this study. Women with preterm premature rupture of membrane were excluded. 21 women were treated with transabdominal amnioinfusion 31 times and 52 women were closely observed without amnioinfusion. Mean amniotic fluid index, mean gestational age, mean maternal age and the parity at the time of diagnosis was not statistically different in both groups. RESULTS: Mean amounts of infused artificial amniotic fluid was 536ml (200-700), the mean time consumed was 61(+/-39.2)min. After infusion, mean amniotic fluid index was increased significantly from 4.2(+/-1.6) to 10.0(+/-2.9). But we found no statistically significant differences in pregnancy outcomes. The outcomes are as follows 1)Mean gestational age at birth was 36.3(+/-3.5) weeks in amnioinfusion group and 37.2(+/-2.9) weeks in control group. 2) Mean birth weight was 2.54(+/-0.9)kg versus 2.51(+/-0.8)kg. 3) The proportions of poor Apgar score at 1 minute and 5 minute were not significantly different. 4) Cesarean section rate was 0.79 versus 0.65. 5.There were two still births in both groups. CONCLUSION: Transabdominal amnioinfusion in oligohydramnios has little effects in improving longterm pregnancy outcomes.

Allele distribution of FMR1 gene in Korean women / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: Fragile X syndrome is the most common form of familial mental retardation, attributable to (CGG)n expansion in the FMR1 gene. This study was undertaken to ascertain the distribution of FMR1 CGG repeat in the general Korean women and to identify ethnic difference in FMR1 CGG repeat number. Material and METHOD: Between January 1999 and December 1999, we evaluated 1,000 low risk women who visited Gachon Medical School Hospital. DNA samples were extracted from the venous bloods by routine methods, and G-C specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)s were performed to evaluate FMR1 CGG repeat number. RESULTS: Mean FMR1 CGG repeat number was 26.9 (6-50), single PCR bands were detected in 776 cases (77.7%). There were two more bands in 22.3% of the cases. Most of the cases are located between 21 and 35 repeats, especially 21-25 repeats. The pattern of distribution of CGG repeat is dispersed. In 13 cases, we could not obtain the PCR results. CONCLUSION: Low risk of transmission rate of the FRX in Korea can be expected.

Cytogenetic Aberration Analysis of Midtrimester Amniotic Fluid / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: To analyze cytogenetic results of prenatal genetic amniocentesis. METHODS: From January 1997 to December 2000, We analyzed 1,390 cases of midtrimester amniocentesis which were done at Gil medical center of Gachon medical school according to its indications and maternal age. RESULTS: Chromosomal aberrations were found in 88 cases (6.3%). Of all our chromosomal aberrations, 29 cases (2.1%) of normal variants and 59 cases (4.2%) of abnormal karyotypes were found. 37 cases of autosomal numerical abnormal karyotypes and 7 cases of sex chromosomal abnormal karyotypes were diagnosed. In abnormal karyotype group, the incidence was high after 40 years of maternal age and in abnormal ultrasound findings, but no such correlations were found in normal variant group. CONCLUSION: In analysis of midtrimester amniocentesis, it would be better to analyze separately abnormal karyotype group and normal variant group.

Factors associated with fetal losses after mid-trimester amniocentesis / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate factors associated with fetal losses following mid-trimester diagnostic amniocentesis. METHODS: 412 pregnancy outcomes following amniocentesis were analyzed for each variables(maternal age, gestational age, indication for the amniocentesis, placental penetration by aspiration needle, needle touch by the fetus, color of amniotic fluid) with statistical methods(student t-test, chi-square test and multiple logistic regression test). RESULTS: Mean maternal age was 31.8+/-4.9 years, fetal loss rate was increased slightly with the age of the mother. If the indications were abnormally high maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein level, the pregnancy courses after the procedure were worse than other indication groups. In cases of discolored amniotic fluid, the dark brown discoloration made the pregnancy outcome poor. Gestational age at the time of the procedure, penetration of the placenta by the aspirating needle, needle touch during the procedure by the fetus, did not influence the outcomes after the procedure. CONCLUSION: Maternal age, indication as neural tube defect in triple test and dark brown discoloration of amniotic fluid are associated with fetal losses following mid-trimester diagnostic amniocentesis.

Clinical Study on Cesarean Hysterectomy / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence, indications, and outcome of cesarean hysterectomy in women delivered at the Gil Medical Center, Gacheon Medical School. METHOD: This is a retrospective study of all cases of cesarean hysterectomy performed between January 1995 and December 1999. RESULTS: The incidence of cesarean hysterectomy was 0.4% (122/31,481). Cesarean hysterectomy was performed in 100 of 17,829 cesarean sections (0.6%) and in 22 of 13,652 vaginal deliveries(0.2%). The higher the age and the parity of patients, the higher the incidence of cesarean hysterectomy was noted. The most common indication of cesarean hysterectomy was uterine atony(50 cases, 41.9%), followed by 25 cases of placenta previa with adhesive placenta(20.5%), 14 cases of adhesive placenta(11.5%), 11 cases of uterine myoma with pregnancy(9.0%), 9 cases of uncontrolled bleeding with placenta previa(7.4%), 7 cases of uterine rupture(5.7%) and 6 cases of extension of uterine incision(4.9%). All patients who had cesarean hysterectomy received transfusion from 0 pint to 78 pints. Live births were 115 cases(94.3%) and 3 infants were still birth(2.5%). Four infants were dead during early neonatal period(3.3%), so perinatal mortality rate was 5.7%. The postoperative complications were bladder injury, ureteral injury, febrile morbidity, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, hematoma, wound disruption, postpartum cardiomyopathy, and vaginal stump bleeding. There was two maternal deaths due to acute, severe hemorrhage and DIC. CONCLUSIONS: Cesarean hysterectomy remains a necessary procedure for life saving during abdominal and vaginal deliveries. The procedure itself is usually associated with considerable perioperative morbidity. Obstetricians should identify patients at risk and anticipate the procedure and complications.

Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Pregnancy / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus seropositivity and define the risk factors for HCV infection in a group of pregnant women and the effect of HCV infection to mother and baby at the time of delivery. METHODS: From March 1997 to February 1998, 5655 women who delivered over 20 gestational weeks at our hospital were screened for HCV-Antibody(RIA), and the samples of most of HCV-Ab positive cases were analyzed for HCV-RNA by polymerase chain reaction(PCR). We also studied the risk factors for HCV infection, the effect of HCV infection to mothers and neonates at delivery. RESULTS: Of 5655 mothers 25 (0.44%) were HCV-Ab positive, and 20 of HCV-Ab positive mothers were analyzed for HCV-RNA by PCR. Of 20 HCV-Ab positive mothers 12 cases (60%) were HCV-RNA positive. Risk factors significantly more prevalent among HCV-seropositive patients were : a history of habitual intraveneous drug use, a history of smoking, alcohol drinking during pregnancy, having liver cirrhorsis. The proportions who had received a blood transfusion, had a history or ongoing syphilis or were positive for hepatitis B virus surface antigen were not significantly different between seropositive and seronegative women. Liver function test at delivery was abnormal in 4 cases(16%) of HCV-Ab positive group. And the number of abnomal liver function test cases in HCV-Ab negative group were 47(0.83%). This had statistical difference. In neonates at delivery, all 20 neonates of 20 ones having HCV-Ab positive mother were HCV-Ab positive. But only 2 cases of 20 babies were HCV-RNA positive. CONCLUSION: Mothers who have risk factors such as injecting drug use, smoking, alchohol drinking and liver cirrhorsis, should undergo HCV-Ab testing and quantitative HCV-RNA testing by PCR. More advanced studies about vertical transmission of HCV infection are needed.

The clinical experience of LLETZ / 대한산부인과학회잡지

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate how resection margin involvement after LLETZ affect treatment of CIN and microinvasive cervical cancer, and several factors affecting the resection margin involvement. METHOD: Retrospective analysis was performed in 160 patients that underwent LLETZ at Gachon Medical College, Gil Medical Center from March, 1997 to September , 1998. The several factors affecting the resection margin involvement were analyzed. RESULT: The following results were obtained. 1. 127 patients were diagnosized finally with CIN, 30 patients with microinvasive SCC and 3 patients with chronic inflammation. 2. The rate of the negative resection margin involvement was 81% and that of the positive was 19%. 3. No case among 129 cases with the negative resection margin had residual lesion, but 9 cases among 31 cases with the positive resection margin had residual lesion. As a whole, the rate of residual lesion was 6.2%. 4. In CIN, 3 cases of 19 cases with the positive resection margin had residual lesion, but none with the negative resection margin had. 5. The degree of histopathology, glandular involvement, menopause, colposcopic evaluation were correlated with the resection margin involvement but delivery mode and HPV infection not correlated. CONCLUSION: LLETZ is a enough method to reduce unnecessary hysterectomy in the treatment of CIN, if followed up, in spite of the positive resection margin because of low rate of lesidual lesion, and is a effective method in the treatment of microinvasive cervical cancer when the case with negative resection margin and no lymphovascular invasion was followed up.