Diversity of the epiphytic liverworts (Marchantiophyta) of the Suasie sector in the Chingaza National Natural Park / Diversidad de hepáticas epífitas (marchantiophyta) del sector suasie en el parque nacional natural chingaza

RESUMEN Los briófitos forman un grupo conspicuo de la flora del planeta. Su contribución ecológica en términos de riqueza de especies y cobertura en muchos hábitats es fundamental para el equilibrio de los servicios ecosistémicos. En Colombia se tiene el registro aproximado de 715 especies de Marchantiophyta (hepáticas), las cuales presentan su mayor riqueza en la región Andina. El estudio se realizó en el Parque Nacional Natural Chingaza - sector Suasie dada su importancia ecológica e hídrica para los municipios aledaños. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue determinar la diversidad de la comunidad de hepáticas en el sector de Suasie del PNN Chingaza. Para ello, se hicieron tres levantamientos en transectos de 2x50 m en un gradiente altitudinal, en cada transecto se muestrearon las hepáticas presentes en cuatro forófitos escogidos al azar. Las muestras recolectadas fueron identificadas para el análisis de composición y diversidad de la comunidad. Como resultado, fue posible evidenciar la variación de la composición y abundancia de hepáticas a lo largo del gradiente, basados no solo en los índices estimados, sino también en la asociación con la cobertura vegetal de cada sitio de muestreo. Con un total de 47 especies registradas, se soporta la alta diversidad del sector en estudio. De esta manera, la riqueza encontrada en este gradiente aporta a las actuales y futuras estrategias de conservación del parque.

ABSTRACT The bryophytes form a conspicuous group of the planet's flora, their ecological contribution in terms of species richness and coverage in many habitats is essential for the balance of ecosystem. In Colombia there is an approximate record of 715 species of Marchantiophyta (liverworts), which present their greatest richness in the Andean region. The study was carried out in the Chingaza National Natural Park - Suasie sector given its ecological and water importance for the surrounding municipalities. The main objective of this study was to determine the diversity of the liverwort community in the Suasie sector of the Chingaza NNP. For this, three surveys were made in transects of 2x50 m in an altitude gradient, in each transect the liverworts present from four phorophytes (trees and shrubs), chosen at random were sampled. The collected samples were identified for analysis of composition and diversity of the community. As a result, it was possible to demonstrate the variation in the composition and abundance of liverworts along the gradient, based not only on the estimated indices, but also on the association with the vegetation cover of each sampling site. With a total of 47 registered species, the high diversity of the sector under study is supported. In this way, the richness found in this gradient contributes to current and future conservation strategies for the park.

Bryophytes of rotten logs from El Zafire biological station, Amazonas - Colombia / Briófitos de troncos en descomposición de la estación biológica el zafire, amazonas-colombia

RESUMEN En el presente trabajo se caracterizó la flora briofítica en troncos en descomposición en la estación meteorológica El Zafire, Amazonas-Colombia. Para ello se realizó un muestreo de 100 unidades muestrales en 20 troncos en diferente estado de descomposición y en dos tipos de bosque (tierra firme y varillal inundable). Se reportan 120 especies, 81 hepáticas y 39 musgos, pertenecientes a 55 géneros (33 hepáticas y 22 musgos) y 21 familias (nueve hepáticas y 12 musgos). Se registran cuatro especies nuevas para el país, 25 para la amazonia colombiana y 41 para el departamento del Amazonas. En términos de riqueza total, el bosque de varillal presentó un valor mayor al de tierra firme. Sin embargo, esta diferencia no es significativa (Kruskal Wallis X 2=0,199; p = 0,05); así mismo la diversidad fue mayor en el bosque de varillal inundable (Shanon = 3,93) en comparación con la del bosque de tierra firme (Shanon = 3,67). La composición de las comunidades de briófitos fue diferente entre los dos tipos de bosques (similitud igual a 40 %). En el estudio florístico de los dos tipos de bosques de la estación biológica, se evidenció una marcada dominancia de la familia Lejeunaceae, que representó el 55,5 % de las hepáticas y el 37,5 % del total de las especies de briófitos.

ABSTRACT The present study aims to characterize the bryophyte community on rotten logs in El Zafire biological station, Amazonas-Colombia. We sampled 100 plots on 20 trunks with different states of decomposition in two types of forest (terra firme and floodplain). 120 species are reported, 81 liverworts and 39 mosses, belonging to 55 genera (33 liverworts and 22 mosses) and 21 families (nine liverworts and 12 mosses). Four new species are registered for Colombia, 25 for the Colombia Amazon, and 41 for the department of Amazonas. In terms of richness, the floodplain presented a higher value than the terra firme forest. However, no significant difference was found between the two types of forests (Kruskal Wallis X 2c= 0.199, X 2t= 3.81). Diversity was higher in the floodplain (Shanon = 3.93) compared to the terra firme forest (Shanon = 3.67). The composition of the bryophyte communities shows differences between the two types of forests (similarity equal to 40 %). In the floristic study of the two types of forests of the biological station, the most common family was Lejeuneaceae, it represented 55.5 % of the liverworts sampled and 37.5 % of the total of the bryophyte species.

Análise do escore CHA2DS2-VASc em pacientes com controle inadequado de anticoagulação / Analysis of the CHA2DS2-VASc score in patients with inadequate anticoagulation control

Dentre as ferramentas de avaliação do risco de eventos tromboembólicos, destaca-se o escore CHA2DS2-VASc, que contribui para a identificação de pacientes elegíveis ao uso da terapia anticoagulante, sendo um grande auxílio na profilaxia tromboembólica. O presente artigo objetiva caracterizar pacientes com controle inadequado da anticoagulação conforme o CHA2DS2-VASc. Foram coletadas informações dos pacientes em acompanhamento em um ambulatório de anticoagulação vinculado a um hospital de ensino em Minas Gerais. Foram incluídos pacientes acompanhados no ambulatório entre agosto e dezembro de 2017, em uso de varfarina por pelo menos 180 dias, com indicação crônica de anticoagulação e com no mínimo dois resultados do exame Relação Normatizada Internacional (RNI). Identificou-se 434 pacientes, sendo 202 com controle inadequado da anticoagulação. Para os pacientes com controle inadequado, calculou-se o CHA2DS2-VASc, o qual é realizado pela somatória de pontuações de fatores de risco para eventos tromboembólicos. Os pacientes foram classificados em risco baixo (0 pontos), moderado (1 ponto) ou alto (mais de 2 pontos). Também se realizou associação entre o escore e varáveis que caracterizam o contexto dos pacientes, como município de residência e a faixa terapêutica alvo da RNI. Ressalta-se que 107 (53,0%) apresentaram hipertensão; 96 (47,5%) doença arterial periférica, coronariana ou aórtica; 62 (30,7%) acidente vascular cerebral prévio; e 27 (13,4%) diabetes. Identificou-se considerável percentual de pacientes com CHA2DS2-VASc maior que 2 (n = 191; 94,5%), o que indica um risco elevado para a ocorrência de eventos tromboembólicos e reforça a importância da farmacoterapia anticoagulante adequada. Em relação a associação entre características demográficas com os resultados de escore CHA2DS2-VASc, identificou-se associação entre o escore CHA2DS2-VASc e município de residência (p<0,05), não se identificando significância estatística entre o escore CHA2DS2-VASc e a faixa terapêutica alvo da RNI (p>0,05).

Among the tools for assessing the risk of thromboembolic events, the CHA2DS2-VASc score stands out, which contributes to the identification of patients that are eligible for the use of anticoagulant therapy, which is a great aid in thromboembolic prophylaxis. The present study aims to characterize patients with inadequate control of anticoagulation according to their CHA2DS2-VASc score. Information was collected from patients being followed up at an anticoagulation clinic associated with a teaching hospital in Minas Gerais. Patients accompanied at the clinic between August and December 2017, taking warfarin for at least 180 days, with a chronic indication for anticoagulation, and with at least values from two results of the International Normalized List (INR) test were included. 434 patients were identified and 202 with inadequate anticoagulation control. For patients with inadequate control, the CHA2DS2-VASc was calculated, which is performed by the sum of risk factor scores for thromboembolic events. Patients were classified as low (0 points), moderate (1 point), or high (≥ 2 points) risk. An association was also made between the score and variables that characterize the context of the patients, such as the municipality of residence and the target therapeutic range of the INR. It is noteworthy that 107 (53.0%) had hypertension; 96 (47.5%) had peripheral arterial, coronary or aortic disease; 62 (30.7%) had a previous stroke; and 27 (13.4%) had diabetes. A considerable percentage of patients with CHA2DS2-VASc ≥ 2 (n = 191; 94.5%) was identified, which indicates a high risk for the occurrence of thromboembolic events and reinforces the importance of adequate anticoagulant pharmacotherapy. Regarding the association between demographic characteristics and the results of the CHA2DS2-VASc score, an association was identified between the CHA2DS2-VASc score and city of residence (p<0.05), with no statistical significance being identified between the CHA2DS2-VASc score and the INR target therapeutic range (p>0.05).

Características de la dieta en niños de 2 a 5 años según la recepción de programas alimentarios en el hogar en Argentina / Characteristics of the Diet for Children Aged 2 to 5 According to the Reception of Alimentary Programs at Home in Argentina / Características da dieta em crianzas de 2 até 5 anos de acordo com a recepção de programas alimentares em casa na Argentina

Objetivo: analizar las características de la dieta en niños argentinos de 2 a 5 años que reciben intervenciones alimentarias en el hogar, en el año 2005. Métodos: se analizó la Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud (ENNys). El muestreo de la ENNys fue probabilístico, estratificado por conglomerados, n=7046. Se utilizó la metodología Propensity Score Matching (psm) para la constitución de grupos comparables de niños que reciben y no reciben intervenciones alimentarias en el hogar. Se analizó el consumo de macro y micronutrientes, energía, proporción de energía destinada a cada tiempo de comida y grupos de alimentos. Resultados y conclusiones: se observó un menor consumo de energía y calcio, y una mayor proporción de energía proveniente de cereales, en los niños que reciben intervención alimentaria en el hogar; lo que indicaría que los niños que reciben programas alimentarios no presentan una mejor calidad de la dieta.

Objective: Analyzing the characteristics of the diet in Argentinian children aged 2 to 5, who received alimentary interventions at home during 2005. Methods: We analyzed the National Survey of Nutrition and Health (ENNys). The ENNys had a probabilistic sampling, stratified by conglomerates. n = 7046. The Propensity Score Matching (pms) methodology was used to constitute comparable groups of children who received and did not receive alimentary interventions at home. We analyzed the consumption of macro and micronutrients, energy, energy ratio assigned to each meal time and food groups. Results and Conclusions: We observed a lower consumption of energy and calcium and a higher proportion of energy from cereals in children that received alimentary intervention at home. This would show that children that receive alimentary programs do not present a better quality of their diets.

Objetivo: analisar as características da dieta de criancas argentinos de 2 até 5 anos que recebem intervencoes alimentares em casa, no ano 2005. Métodos: analisou-se o Inquérito Nacional de Nutricao e Saúde (ENNys). A amostragem da ENNys foi probabilístico, estratificado por conglomerados, n=7046. Utilizou-se a metodologia Propensity Score Matching (psm) para a constituicao de grupos comparáveis de criancas que recebem e nao recebem intervencoes alimentares em casa. Analisou-se o consumo de macro e micronutrientes, energia, proporcao de energia destinada para cada tempo de refeicao e grupos de alimentos. Resultados e conclusoes: observou-se menor consumo de energia e cálcio, e maior proporcao de energia proveniente de cereais, nas criancas que recebem intervencao alimentar em casa, o que estaria indicando que as criancas que recebem programas alimentares nao apresentam melhor qualidade da dieta.

Adhesives with different pHs: effect on the MTBS of chemically activated and light-activated composites to human dentin

PURPOSE: To evaluate the bond strength between human dentin and composites, using two light-activated single-bottle total-etch adhesive systems with different pHs combined with chemically activated and light-activated-composites. The tested hypothesis was that the dentin bond strength is not influenced by an adhesive system of low pH, combined with chemically activated or light-activated composites. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Flat dentin surfaces of twenty-eight human third molars were allocated in 4 groups (n=7), depending on the adhesive system: (One Step Plus-OS and Prime & Bond NT-PB) and composite (light-activated Filtek Z-100 [Z100] and chemically activated Bisfil 2B [B2B]). Each adhesive system was applied on acid-etched dentin and then one of the composites was added to form a 5 mm-high resin block. The specimens were stored in tap water (37°C/24 h) and sectioned into two axes, x and y. This was done with a diamond disk under coolant irrigation to obtain beams with a cross-section area of approximately 0.8 mm². Each specimen was then attached to a custom-made device and submitted to the microtensile test (1 mm.min-1). Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests (p<0.05). RESULTS: The anticipated hypothesis was not confirmed (p<0.0001). The bond strengths (MPa) were not statistically different between the two adhesive systems when light-activated composite was used (OS+Z100 = 24.7±7.1ª; PB+Z100 = 23.8±5.7ª). However, with use of the chemically activated composite (B2B), PB (7.8±3.6b MPa) showed significantly lower dentin bond strengths than OS (32.2±7.6ª). CONCLUSION: The low pH of the adhesive system can affect the bond of chemically activated composite to dentin. On the other hand, under the present conditions, the low pH did not seem to affect the bond of light-activated composites to dentin significantly.

Efeito do tempo de condicionamento da superfície cerâmica sobre a resistência / Effect of the conditioning time of the ceramic surface on bond strength between a fluorapatite ceramic and a resin cement

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência de união entre uma cerâmica sintética de fluorapatita e leucita livre de feldspato e um cimento resinoso dual, variando o tempo de condicionamento ácido da superfície da cerâmica. Foram confeccionados 16 blocos de cerâmica (IPS d. SIGN- Ivoclar-Vivadent) que foram divididos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos (n=8), conforme o tempo de condicionamento ácido da superfície cerâmica: G1 - condicionamento durante 30 segundos com ácido fluorídrico 10%, seguido da aplicação do agente silano (Primer ceramic, 3M/Espe); G2: condicionamento com ácido fluorídrico 10% durante 2 minutos, seguido da aplicação do silano (Primer ceramic, 3M/Espe). Os blocos de cerâmica foram unidos a blocos de resina composta, recém confeccionados, (Fill Magic, Vigodent) com o cimento resinoso Rely X (3M/Espe) sob uma carga de 750g. Os conjuntos foram armazenados em água por 24h e seccionados em dois eixos, x e y, obtendo-se corpos-de-prova (CP) com área de aproximadamente 0,7 mm2. Os CP foram submetidos ao ensaio de microtração a uma velocidade de 0,5 mm/min. Os resultados foram submetidos a duas análises estatísticas utilizando todos os CP, incluindo os com valores zero (G1 = 12,99 ± 6,7 MPa e G2 = 14,97 ± 3,7 MPa) e excluindo os com valores zero (G1 = 20,19 ± 3,8 MPa e G2 = 22,31 ± 2,8 MPa). Não foi observada diferença estatística entre os grupos em nenhuma das análises (p>0,05).

Medicina nuclear: estudio de la función renal en pediatría / Nuclear medicine in the study of renal function in pediatric patients

Los estudios gammagráficos de la función renal son extremadamente sensibles, no son invasivos, no producen reacciones alérgicas ni efectos farmacológicos o hemodinámicos y la radiación que proporcionan a los pacientes es muy inferior a la recibida al someterse a estudios convencionales de rayos X. Se describen los radiofármacos más comúnes utilizados, las metodologías y las patologías renales en las que los estudios de medicina nuclear son de importancia, ya sea como estudios de primera elección o como estudios complementarios